ArticlePloS one2017
E-cigarette aerosol exposure can cause craniofacial defects in Xenopus laevis embryos and mammalian neural crest cells.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Electronic Cigarettes and Female Reproduction: A Systematic Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- The XenCart Protocol: A method for Alcian blue labeling and quantitative analysis of craniofacial cartilage in Xenopus.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- Nicotine Exposure During Gestation: From Placental Dysfunction to Long-Term Neurobehavioral Outcomes.Birth defects research · 2026Review
- Adverse Physical Consequences of Perinatal E-cigarette Use by Pregnant Mothers on Their Offspring: A Scoping Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- E-Cigarette and Vanillin Exposure Disrupts Cardiovascular Development in Xenopus laevis.Birth defects research · 2025Article
- A simple, cost-effective, method for creating electronic cigarette vapor condensate.Biology methods & protocols · 2025Article
- Exposure to maternal nicotine in utero and/or via lactation alters craniofacial development in mice.PloS one · 2025Article
- Qualitative chemical analysis of cinnamon flavored e-cigarette vapor to identify compounds of interest that may affect cardiovascular function.microPublication biology · 2025Article
- Depolarization induces calcium-dependent BMP4 release from mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal cells.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Intrauterine exposure to nicotine through maternal vaping disrupts embryonic lung and skeletal development via the Kcnj2 potassium channel.Developmental biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Predictive assays for craniofacial malformations: evaluation in Xenopus laevis embryos exposed to triadimefon.Archives of toxicology · 2022Article
- Embryonic Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Extract Impedes Skeletal Development and Evokes Craniofacial Defects in Zebrafish.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- E-liquids and vanillin flavoring disrupts retinoic acid signaling and causes craniofacial defects in Xenopus embryos.Developmental biology · 2022Article
- E-cigarette Aerosol Mixtures Inhibit Biomaterial-Induced Osseointegrative Cell Phenotypes.Materialia · 2021Article
- Effects of Prenatal Electronic Cigarette Exposure On Foetal Development: a Review of the Literature.Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2021Article
- The chemistry and toxicology of vaping.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2021Review
- Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts.Birth defects research · 2020Review
- Perceived harms of and exposure to tobacco use and current tobacco use among reproductive-aged women from the PATH study.Women & health · 2020Article
- Assessing the hazard of E-Cigarette flavor mixtures using zebrafish.Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Since electronic cigarette (ECIG) introduction to American markets in 2007, vaping has surged in popularity. Many, including women of reproductive age, also believe that ECIG use is safer than traditional tobacco cigarettes and is not hazardous when pregnant. However, there are few studies investigating the effects of ECIG exposure on the developing embryo and nothing is known about potential effects on craniofacial development. Therefore, we have tested the effects of several aerosolized e-cigarette liquids (e-cigAM) in an in vivo craniofacial model, Xenopus laevis, as well as a mammalian neural crest cell line. Results demonstrate that e-cigAM exposure during embryonic development induces a variety of defects, including median facial clefts and midface hypoplasia in two of e-cigAMs tested e-cigAMs. Detailed quantitative analyses of the facial morphology revealed that nicotine is not the main factor in inducing craniofacial defects, but can exacerbate the effects of the other e-liquid components. Additionally, while two different e-cigAMs can have very similar consequences on facial appearances, there are subtle differences that could be due to the differences in e-cigAM components. Further assessment of embryos exposed to these particular e-cigAMs revealed cranial cartilage and muscle defects and a reduction in the blood supply to the face. Finally, the expression of markers for vascular and cartilage differentiation was reduced in a mammalian neural crest cell line corroborating the in vivo effects. Our work is the first to show that ECIG use could pose a potential hazard to the developing embryo and cause craniofacial birth defects. This emphasizes the need for more testing and regulation of this new popular product.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.