ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2017
Male cooperation for breeding opportunities contributes to the evolution of multilevel societies.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acoustic analysis in relation to kinship and familiarity for contact calls of adult female golden snub-nosed monkeys living in a multilevel society.Current zoology · 2026Article
- Unveiling animal death cognition: the role of social systems.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Personality, social behavior, and the maintenance of cohesion in a multilevel-society primate (Zoological research · 2026Article
- Beyond the Alpha: Extra-Pair Paternities and Male Reproductive Success in a Primate Multilevel Society.Ecology and evolution · 2025Article
- Multi-level societies: different tasks at different social levels.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Balancing selection shapes population differentiation of major histocompatibility complex genes in wild golden snub-nosed monkeys.Current zoology · 2024Article
- Dynamic foraging strategy adaptation to heterogeneous environments contributes to social aggregation in snub-nosed monkeys.Zoological research · 2024Article
- Article
- Anthropological Prosociality via Sub-Group Level Selection.Integrative psychological & behavioral science · 2022Article
- Invasion and defense of the basic social unit in a nonhuman primate society leads to sexual differences in the gut microbiome.Integrative zoology · 2022Article
- Social Behaviour in Zoo Bachelor Groups: A Case Study of Related South American Fur Seals.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Article
- Bachelor groups in primate multilevel society facilitate gene flow across fragmented habitats.Current zoology · 2020Article
- Reproductive strategy of bachelors in a snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) all-male unit.Primates; journal of primatology · 2020Article
- Genetic Structure and Evolutionary History ofFrontiers in genetics · 2020Article
- MHC-Based Mate Choice in Wild Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys.Frontiers in genetics · 2020Article
- Differential female sociality is linked with the fine-scale structure of sexual interactions in replicate groups of red junglefowl,Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Grooming networks reveal intra- and intersexual social relationships in Macaca thibetana.Primates; journal of primatology · 2019Article
- Individuality in coo calls of adult male golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) living in a multilevel society.Animal cognition · 2019Article
- Preliminary report on Sichuan golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana roxellana) at Laohegou Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- The influence of a demographic change on social relationships among male golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana).Primates; journal of primatology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A small number of primate species including snub-nosed monkeys (colobines), geladas (papionins) and humans live in multilevel societies (MLSs), in which multiple one-male polygamous units (OMUs) coexist to form a band, and non-breeding males associate in bachelor groups. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that the papionin MLS appears to have evolved through internal fissioning of large mixed-sex groups, whereas the colobine MLS evolved through the aggregation of small, isolated OMUs. However, how agonistic males maintain tolerance under intensive competition over limited breeding opportunities remains unclear. Using a combination of behavioural analysis, satellite telemetry and genetic data, we quantified the social network of males in a bachelor group of golden snub-nosed monkeys. The results show a strong effect of kinship on social bonds among bachelors. Their interactions ranged from cooperation to agonism, and were regulated by access to mating partners. We suggest that an 'arms race' between breeding males' collective defence against usurpation attempts by bachelor males and bachelor males' aggregative offence to obtain reproductive opportunities has selected for larger group size on both sides. The results provide insight into the role that kin selection plays in shaping inter-male cohesion which facilities the evolution of multilevel societies. These findings have implications for understanding human social evolution, as male-male bonds are a hallmark of small- and large-scale human societies.
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