ArticleNature2017
CG dinucleotide suppression enables antiviral defence targeting non-self RNA.
Article in Nature, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 286 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
286 citing papers in PubMed, 434 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Multilayered nucleotide organization reveals purifying selection and host-driven adaptation in CPV and FPV.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Lost in translation: interferon-stimulated genes targeting flavivirus protein synthesis.Journal of virology · 2026Review
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- SPRY domains encode ubiquitin ligase specificity for ZAP and RIG-I.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Poxvirus attack of antiviral defense pathways unleashes an effector-triggered NF-κB response.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Genome-Wide Codon Reprogramming Enables a Multifactorially Attenuated Influenza Vaccine with Broad Cross-Protection.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Differences in codon usage between host-species-specific rabies virus clades are driven by non-GC3 nucleotide composition.Virus evolution · 2026Article
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- Effects of Korean red ginseng on the HIV-1Journal of ginseng research · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of codon usage bias revealed natural selection-driven evolution and host adaptation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Predicting host tropism in influenza a viruses: insights from multi-segment nucleotide signatures.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Repeats mimic pathogen-associated patterns across a vast evolutionary landscape.Cell genomics · 2025Article
- RNA editing signatures and codon adaptation reveal potential translational compatibility between Hendra virus and its natural host Pteropus Alecto.Archives of microbiology · 2025Article
226 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vertebrate genomes exhibit marked CG suppression-that is, lower than expected numbers of 5'-CG-3' dinucleotides. This feature is likely to be due to C-to-T mutations that have accumulated over hundreds of millions of years, driven by CG-specific DNA methyl transferases and spontaneous methyl-cytosine deamination. Many RNA viruses of vertebrates that are not substrates for DNA methyl transferases mimic the CG suppression of their hosts. This property of viral genomes is unexplained. Here we show, using synonymous mutagenesis, that CG suppression is essential for HIV-1 replication. The deleterious effect of CG dinucleotides on HIV-1 replication was cumulative, associated with cytoplasmic RNA depletion, and was exerted by CG dinucleotides in both translated and non-translated exonic RNA sequences. A focused screen using small inhibitory RNAs revealed that zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) inhibited virion production by cells infected with CG-enriched HIV-1. Crucially, HIV-1 mutants containing segments whose CG content mimicked random nucleotide sequence were defective in unmanipulated cells, but replicated normally in ZAP-deficient cells. Crosslinking-immunoprecipitation-sequencing assays demonstrated that ZAP binds directly and selectively to RNA sequences containing CG dinucleotides. These findings suggest that ZAP exploits host CG suppression to identify non-self RNA. The dinucleotide composition of HIV-1, and perhaps other RNA viruses, appears to have adapted to evade this host defence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.