SynthesisBMC health services research2017
Determinants of effective vaccine coverage in low and middle-income countries: a systematic review and interpretive synthesis.
Synthesis in BMC health services research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 99 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
99 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- To what extent are vulnerability issues included and addressed in Kenya's health and immunization policy documents? A systematic review of documents.NIHR open research · 2025Pooled it
- Vaccine hesitancy educational interventions for medical students: A systematic narrative review in western countries.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood immunisation programmes of West African countries.Ghana medical journal · 2024Pooled it
- Behavioral interventions for vaccination uptake: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Health policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Pooled it
- Reasons given for non-vaccination and under-vaccination of children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Strengthening vaccination delivery system resilience in the context of protracted humanitarian crisis: a realist-informed systematic review.BMC health services research · 2022Pooled it
- Madagascar's EPI vaccine programs: A systematic review uncovering the role of a child's sex and other barriers to vaccination.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Are Parent-Held Child Health Records a Valuable Health Intervention? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Say it right: measuring the impact of different communication strategies on the decision to get vaccinated.BMC public health · 2023Trial
- Childhood immunization barriers and interventions in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review of access, delivery systems, and health literacy.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Assessing Geographic Inequalities in Childhood Immunisation Coverage: A Critical Scoping Review of Spatial Analysis Methods.Vaccines · 2026Article
- State of Inequality in Childhood Immunization: Monitoring Progress Across Low- and Middle-Income Countries over the Past Decade.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Multiple indicator cluster survey (MICS) related to early childhood health: an ecological intercontinental analysis.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2026Article
- Reducing zero-dose children and improving routine immunization following COVID-19 through community health workers in Cameroon.The Pan African medical journal · 2026Article
- Considering the impact of vaccine communication in the COVID-19 pandemic among adults in Canada: A qualitative study of lessons learned for future vaccine campaigns.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Variations in Routine Childhood Vaccination Gaps: A Decomposition Analysis Across 80 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Health system and caregiver related factors influencing measles vaccination uptake: perspectives of Chadibe village, Botswana.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Childhood Vaccination Coverage in Ecuador From 2019 to 2021: Comparative Analysis.JMIRx med · 2025Article
39 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMany children in low and middle-income countries remain unvaccinated, and vaccines do not always produce immunity. Extensive research has sought to understand why, but most studies have been limited in breadth and depth. This study documents existing evidence on determinants of vaccination and immunization and presents a conceptual framework of determinants.
methodsWe used systematic review, content analysis, thematic analysis and interpretive synthesis to document and analyze the existing evidence on determinants of childhood vaccination and immunization.
resultsWe documented 1609 articles, including content analysis of 78 articles. Three major thematic models were described in the context of one another. Interpretive synthesis identified similarities and differences between studies, resulting in a conceptual framework with three principal vaccine utilization determinants: 1) Intent to Vaccinate, 2) Community Access and 3) Health Facility Readiness.
conclusionThis study presents the most comprehensive systematic review of vaccine determinants to date. The conceptual framework represents a synthesis of multiple existing frameworks, is applicable in low and middle-income countries, and is quantitatively testable. Future researchers can use these results to develop competing conceptual frameworks, or to analyze data in a theoretically-grounded way. This review enables better research in the future, further understanding of immunization determinants, and greater progress against vaccine preventable diseases around the world.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.