ArticleJournal of phycology2017
Both modular and single-domain Type I polyketide synthases are expressed in the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae).
Article in Journal of phycology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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20 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Transcriptomic insights into polyketides and toxin biosynthesis genes in freshwater dinoflagellates.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- RNA-Binding Proteins in Dinoflagellates.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Comparative Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of High and Low Toxin-ProducingMarine drugs · 2025Article
- Bioactive Polyketides fromMarine drugs · 2025Review
- Review
- Giant polyketide synthase enzymes in the biosynthesis of giant marine polyether toxins.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Giant polyketide synthase enzymes biosynthesize a giant marine polyether biotoxin.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Investigating A Multi-Domain Polyketide Synthase inMarine drugs · 2023Article
- The genome of antibiotic-producing colonies of the Pelagophyte alga Chrysophaeum taylorii reveals a diverse and non-canonical capacity for secondary metabolism.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- A Comparison of Dinoflagellate Thiolation Domain Binding Proteins Using In Vitro and Molecular Methods.Marine drugs · 2022Article
- Dinoflagellate Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase (PPTase) and Thiolation Domain Interactions Characterized Using a Modified Indigoidine Synthesizing Reporter.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- A Global Approach to Estimating the Abundance and Duplication of Polyketide Synthase Domains in Dinoflagellates.Evolutionary bioinformatics online · 2021Article
- Quantitative PCR assay for the simultaneous identification and enumeration of multiple Karenia species.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- De novo Transcriptome of the Non-saxitoxin ProducingMarine drugs · 2020Article
- Article
- Research Progress in the Biosynthetic Mechanisms of Marine Polyether Toxins.Marine drugs · 2019Review
- The Genetic Basis of Toxin Biosynthesis in Dinoflagellates.Microorganisms · 2019Review
- Natural Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Ligands: Biosynthesis and Biology.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2019Review
- Diversified secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene repertoire revealed in symbiotic dinoflagellates.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Interaction of a dinoflagellate neurotoxin with voltage-activated ion channels in a marine diatom.PeerJ · 2018Article
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4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
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Abstract
Dinoflagellates are prolific producers of polyketide compounds, many of which are potent toxins with adverse impacts on human and marine animal health. To identify polyketide synthase (PKS) genes in the brevetoxin-producing dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis, we assembled a transcriptome from 595 million Illumina reads, sampled under different growth conditions. The assembly included 125,687 transcripts greater than 300 nt in length, with over half having >100× coverage. We found 121 transcripts encoding Type I ketosynthase (KS) domains, of which 99 encoded single KS domains, while 22 contained multiple KS domains arranged in 1-3 protein modules. Phylogenetic analysis placed all single domain and a majority of multidomain KSs within a monophyletic clade of protist PKSs. In contrast with the highly amplified single-domain KSs, only eight single-domain ketoreductase transcripts were found in the assembly, suggesting that they are more evolutionarily conserved. The multidomain PKSs were dominated by trans-acyltransferase architectures, which were recently shown to be prevalent in other algal protists. Karenia brevis also expressed several hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)/PKS sequences, including a burA-like sequence previously reported in a wide variety of dinoflagellates. This contrasts with a similarly deep transcriptome of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis, which lacked NRPS/PKS other than the burA-like transcript, and may reflect the presence of amide-containing polyketides in K. brevis and their absence from G. polynesiensis. In concert with other recent transcriptome analyses, this study provides evidence for both single domain and multidomain PKSs in the synthesis of polyketide compounds in dinoflagellates.
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