ArticleEnvironmental health perspectives2017
Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6-12 Years of Age in Mexico.
Article in Environmental health perspectives, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 101 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
101 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 231 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fluoride and Neurodevelopmental Hazard Modelling: An Assessment of Concentration-Response Analysis.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Fluoride Exposure and Children's IQ Scores: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- The Relationship between Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes from Gestation to Adulthood-A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Potential Co-exposure to Arsenic and Fluoride and Biomonitoring Equivalents for Mexican Children.Annals of global health · 2018Pooled it
- Article
- Relationships between Toenail, Urinary, and Drinking-water Fluoride Concentrations in a Pregnancy Cohort using Private Water Systems in the United States.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Melatonin attenuates fluoride-induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction through modulation of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and SIRT1 signaling in Wistar rats.Veterinary world · 2026Article
- Water Fluoridation Risks or Benefits: Summary of the Symposium Presented During the Enamel 11 Meeting Held in Paris France.Calcified tissue international · 2026Article
- Human Health Risk Assessment of Fluoride Intake from Tea and Herbal Infusion (Loose-Leaf and Bagged) Consumption in Brazil.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Fluoride Concentration and pH Levels in Non-/Low-Alcoholic Beers.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Evidence-based water fluoridation policy.Science advances · 2025Review
- Childhood fluoride exposure and cognition across the life course.Science advances · 2025Article
- Fluoride exposure and metabolic alterations: a scoping review of metabolomic studies.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Article
- The sugar industry's efforts to manipulate research on fluoride effectiveness and toxicity: a ninety-year history.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- International fluoride symposium: effects of fluoride on human health and its mechanisms of action - a meeting report.BMC proceedings · 2025Article
- Fluoride in Dental Caries Prevention and Treatment: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Public Health Perspectives.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- Dose-dependent developmental fluoride exposure leads to neurotoxicity and impairs excitatory synapse development.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- How the public's knowledge, attitudes, and practice intersect with scientific evidence about fluoride.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2025Article
- Article
41 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSome evidence suggests that fluoride may be neurotoxic to children. Few of the epidemiologic studies have been longitudinal, had individual measures of fluoride exposure, addressed the impact of prenatal exposures or involved more than 100 participants.
objectiveOur aim was to estimate the association of prenatal exposure to fluoride with offspring neurocognitive development.
methodsWe studied participants from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) project. An ion-selective electrode technique was used to measure fluoride in archived urine samples taken from mothers during pregnancy and from their children when 6-12 y old, adjusted for urinary creatinine and specific gravity, respectively. Child intelligence was measured by the General Cognitive Index (GCI) of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities at age 4 and full scale intelligence quotient (IQ) from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) at age 6-12.
resultsWe had complete data on 299 mother-child pairs, of whom 287 and 211 had data for the GCI and IQ analyses, respectively. Mean (SD) values for urinary fluoride in all of the mothers (n=299) and children with available urine samples (n=211) were 0.90 (0.35) mg/L and 0.82 (0.38) mg/L, respectively. In multivariate models we found that an increase in maternal urine fluoride of 0.5mg/L (approximately the IQR) predicted 3.15 (95% CI: -5.42, -0.87) and 2.50 (95% CI -4.12, -0.59) lower offspring GCI and IQ scores, respectively.
conclusionsIn this study, higher prenatal fluoride exposure, in the general range of exposures reported for other general population samples of pregnant women and nonpregnant adults, was associated with lower scores on tests of cognitive function in the offspring at age 4 and 6-12 y. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP655.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.