ArticleJournal of health communication2017
Recall of "The Real Cost" Anti-Smoking Campaign Is Specifically Associated With Endorsement of Campaign-Targeted Beliefs.
Article in Journal of health communication, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06308081 (SMART), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
SMART: Social Media Anti-Vaping Messages to Reduce ENDS Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Teens
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Understanding Potential Mechanisms of Vaping Prevention Messages: A Mediation Analysis of the Real Cost Campaign Advertisements.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2025Trial
- Effects of Vaping Prevention Messages on Electronic Vapor Product Beliefs, Perceived Harms, and Behavioral Intentions among Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Targeted Versus Nontargeted Communication About Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems in Three Smoker Groups.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Effect of a State-Level Vaping Prevention Campaign on Beliefs and Behaviors in Young People.Substance use & misuse · 2025Article
- The Association Between the We Can Do This Campaign and Vaccination Beliefs in the United States, January 2021-March 2022.Journal of health communication · 2024Article
- Scanned information exposure and support for tobacco regulations among US youth and young adult tobacco product users and non-users.Health education research · 2023Article
- Curiosity, Surprise, and the Recall of Tobacco-Related Health Information in Adolescents.Journal of health communication · 2023Article
- Article
- Latent Classes of Perceived Addictiveness Predict Marijuana, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use in Youth and Young Adults.Substance use & misuse · 2023Article
- Aided recall ofPreventive medicine reports · 2022Article
- Exploring Definitions of "Addiction" in Adolescents and Young Adults and Correlation with Substance Use Behaviors.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Beliefs About the Health Effects of Smoking Among Adults in the United States.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2022Article
- Associations Between Nicotine Knowledge and Smoking Cessation Behaviors Among US Adults Who Smoke.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Effects of a National Campaign on Youth Beliefs and Perceptions About Electronic Cigarettes and Smoking.Preventing chronic disease · 2022Article
- Associations Between Exposure to The Real Cost Campaign, Pro-Tobacco Advertisements, and Tobacco Use Among Youth in the U.S.American journal of preventive medicine · 2021Article
- Review of Evaluation Metrics Used in Digital and Traditional Tobacco Control Campaigns.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Review
- Research on Youth and Young Adult Tobacco Use, 2013-2018, From the Food and Drug Administration-National Institutes of Health Tobacco Centers of Regulatory Science.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2020Review
- Message-Elicited Brain Response Moderates the Relationship Between Opportunities for Exposure to Anti-Smoking Messages and Message Recall.The Journal of communication · 2019Article
- A Secondary Audience's Reactions to "The Real Cost" Advertisements: Results From a Study of U.S. Young Adult Smokers and Susceptible Nonsmokers.American journal of preventive medicine · 2019Article
- Adolescents' Aided Recall of Targeted and Non-Targeted Tobacco Communication Campaigns in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Though previous research suggests the FDA's "The Real Cost" anti-smoking campaign has reduced smoking initiation, the theorized pathway of effects (through targeted beliefs) has not been evaluated. This study assesses the relationship between recall of campaign television advertisements and ad-specific anti-smoking beliefs. Respondents in a nationally representative survey of nonsmoking youths age 13-17 (n = 4,831) reported exposure to four The Real Cost advertisements and a fake ad, smoking-relevant beliefs, and nonsmoking intentions. Analyses separately predicted each targeted belief from specific ad recall, adjusting for potential confounders and survey weights. Parallel analyses with non-targeted beliefs showed smaller effects, strengthening claims of campaign effects. Recall of four campaign ads (but not the fake ad) significantly predicted endorsement of the ad-targeted belief (Mean β = .13). Two-sided sign tests indicated stronger ad recall associations with the targeted belief relative to the non-targeted belief (p < .05). Logistic regression analyses indicated that respondents who endorsed campaign-targeted beliefs were more likely to have no intention to smoke (p < .01). This study is the first to demonstrate a relationship between recall of ads from The Real Cost campaign and the theorized pathway of effects (through targeted beliefs). These analyses also provide a methodological template for showing campaign effects despite limitations of available data.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.