SynthesisThe Journal of infection2017
Effectiveness of influenza vaccines in preventing severe influenza illness among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of test-negative design case-control studies.
Synthesis in The Journal of infection, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 141 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Influenza vaccine effectiveness according to frailty status in adults aged ≥ 50 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Protection against influenza hospitalizations from enhanced influenza vaccines among older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2024Pooled it
- Systematic review of influenza vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza among older adults living in aged care facilities.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Effectiveness of the MF59-adjuvanted trivalent or quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine among adults 65 years of age or older, a systematic review and meta-analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2021Pooled it
- Comparative Immunogenicity of Enhanced Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Pooled it
- Antineuraminidase Antibody Responses in Older Adults After Consecutive Vaccinations With Enhanced Influenza Vaccines: A Randomized Controlled Trial.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of a theory-informed intervention to increase care home staff influenza vaccination rates: a cluster randomised controlled trial.Journal of public health (Oxford, England) · 2025Trial
- Antibody response to sequential vaccination with cell culture, recombinant, or egg-based influenza vaccines among U.S. adults.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Electronic nudges for sustained influenza vaccination uptake in older adults: the nationwide randomized NUDGE-FLU-2 trial.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Magnesium treatment on methylation changes of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2).Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2021Trial
- Comparative Immunogenicity of Several Enhanced Influenza Vaccine Options for Older Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Trial
- Maximizing public health benefits: Policy perspectives on coverage and cell-based influenza vaccines in the US.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Article
- Clinical and Economic Inpatient Burden of Influenza and Influenza-Like Illness in Germany 2019-2025: Analysis of Nationwide Hospital Data.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Influenza vaccine-specific CD4NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Seasonal influenza vaccination uptake among older adults in Yerevan, Armenia.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Article
- Estimated Vaccine Effectiveness for Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Acute Respiratory Illness in Older Adults: Findings From the First Postlicensure Season.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Update on Influenza.The American journal of the medical sciences · 2026Review
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesSummary evidence of influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against hospitalized influenza is lacking. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies reporting IVE against laboratory-confirmed hospitalized influenza among adults.
methodsWe searched Pubmed (January 2009 to November 2016) for studies that used test-negative design (TND) to enrol patients hospitalized with influenza-associated conditions. Two independent authors selected relevant articles. We calculated pooled IVE against any and (sub)type specific influenza among all adults, and stratified by age group (18-64 and 65 years and above) using random-effects models.
resultsWe identified 3411 publications and 30 met our inclusion criteria. Between 2010-11 and 2014-15, the pooled seasonal IVE was 41% (95%CI:34;48) for any influenza (51% (95%CI:44;58) among people aged 18-64y and 37% (95%CI:30;44) among ≥65 years). IVE was 48% (95%CI:37;59),37% (95%CI:24;50) and 38% (95%CI:23;53) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B, respectively. Among persons aged ≥65 year, IVE against A(H3N2) was 43% (95%CI:33;53) in seasons when circulating and vaccine strains were antigenically similar and 14% (95%CI:-3;30) when A(H3N2) variant viruses predominated.
conclusionsInfluenza vaccines provided moderate protection against influenza-associated hospitalizations among adults. They seemed to provide low protection among elderly in seasons where vaccine and circulating A(H3N2) strains were antigenically variant.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.