ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2017
HIV-Infected Children Have Elevated Levels of PD-1+ Memory CD4 T Cells With Low Proliferative Capacity and High Inflammatory Cytokine Effector Functions.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Neonatal Inflammatory Profiles Associated With Perinatally Acquired Hepatitis C Viral Infection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2026Article
- The Long Shadow of Early HCMV-HIV Coinfection: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Immune Consequences.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Longitudinal T-Cell Phenotypic Dynamics During Sustained Antiretroviral Therapy in People With HIV.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Effects of In Utero HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy Exposure on Infant T-Cell and Monocyte Activation, Function, and Regulation of Immune-Modulatory Pathways.Mediators of inflammation · 2026Article
- Preoperative PD-1Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Partially-functional exhausted CD8+ T cells can contribute to short-term viral suppression: a computational prediction for children with perinatal HIV.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Disseminated Kaposi sarcoma patients exhibit an expanded population of CD8+CD57+ T cells and an immunosenescence profile.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Exercise to Prevent Accelerated Vascular Aging in People Living With HIV.Circulation research · 2024Review
- The effect of blocking immune checkpoints LAG-3 and PD-1 on human invariant Natural Killer T cell function.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Distinct fecal microbial signatures are linked to sex and chronic immune activation in pediatric HIV infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Human immunodeficiency virus and antiretroviral therapy-mediated immune cell metabolic dysregulation in children born to HIV-infected women: potential clinical implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Immune activation and exhaustion marker expression on T-cell subsets in ART-treated adolescents and young adults with perinatal HIV-1 infection as correlates of viral persistence.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Disease Progression in Children With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus Correlates With Increased PD-1+ CD8 T Cells That Coexpress Multiple Immune Checkpoints.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- CD4 T-Cell Exhaustion: Does It Exist and What Are Its Roles in Cancer?Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2021Review
- T cell immune discriminants of HIV reservoir size in a pediatric cohort of perinatally infected individuals.PLoS pathogens · 2021Article
- Categorisation of patients based on immune profiles: a new approach to identifying candidates for response to checkpoint inhibitors.Clinical & translational immunology · 2021Article
- Subcutaneous Adipocyte Adenosine Triphosphate Levels in HIV Infected Patients.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2020Article
- Biological Aging and Immune Senescence in Children with Perinatally Acquired HIV.Journal of immunology research · 2020Review
- Prediction of PD-L1 inhibition effects for HIV-infected individuals.PLoS computational biology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: During human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease, chronic immune activation leads to T-cell exhaustion. PD-1 identifies "exhausted" CD8 T cells with impaired HIV-specific effector functions, but its role on CD4 T cells and in HIV-infected children is poorly understood. Methods: In a Kenyan cohort of vertically HIV-infected children, we measured PD-1+ CD4 T-cell frequencies and phenotype by flow cytometry and their correlation with HIV disease progression and immune activation. Second, in vitro CD4 T-cell proliferative and cytokine responses to HIV-specific and -nonspecific stimuli were assessed with and without PD-1 blockade. Results: HIV-infected children have increased frequencies of PD-1+ memory CD4 T cells that fail to normalize with antiretroviral treatment. These cells are comprised of central and effector memory subsets and correlate with HIV disease progression, measured by viral load, CD4 percentage, CD4:CD8 T-cell ratio, and immune activation. Last, PD-1+ CD4 T cells predict impaired proliferative potential yet preferentially secrete the Th1 and Th17 cytokines interferon-γ and interleukin 17A, and are unresponsive to in vitro PD-1 blockade. Conclusions: This study highlights differences in PD-1+ CD4 T-cell memory phenotype and response to blockade between HIV-infected children and adults, with implications for potential immune checkpoint therapies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.