ArticleBMC public health2017
Income related inequality and influencing factors: a study for the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in rural China.
Article in BMC public health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessing intervention effects on healthcare-related financial protection in low- and middle-income countries: a rapid evidence review.Health policy and planning · 2026Review
- Explaining changes in socioeconomic inequality in catastrophic health expenditure in China: a mobility-determinant decomposition.Health economics review · 2026Article
- A study on the impact of catastrophic health expenditure on social stability.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Impact of health shocks on social capital: How long will it persist?SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Health inequalities for China's low-income population: trends, subgroup differences, and influencing factors, 2010-2022.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Universal health coverage in the context of population ageing: catastrophic health expenditure and unmet need for healthcare.Health economics review · 2024Article
- Catastrophic health expenditure and its inequality in rural China: based on longitudinal data from 2013 to 2018.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Catastrophic health expenditure and its association with socioeconomic status in China: evidence from the 2011-2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.International journal for equity in health · 2023Article
- Exploring dynamics in catastrophic health care expenditure in Nigeria.Health economics review · 2022Article
- Decomposing socio-economic inequality in catastrophic out-of-pocket health expenditures in Malawi.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Inequalities in health-related quality of life and the contribution from socioeconomic status: evidence from Tibet, China.BMC public health · 2020Article
- The effect of medical insurance on catastrophic health expenditure: evidence from China.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2020Article
- Explaining Socioeconomic Inequality Differences in Catastrophic Health Expenditure Between Urban and Rural Areas of Iran After Health Transformation Plan Implementation.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2020Article
- Catastrophic health expenditure of Vietnamese patients with gallstone diseases - a case for health insurance policy revaluation.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2019Article
- The inequality of inpatient care net benefit under integration of urban-rural medical insurance systems in China.International journal for equity in health · 2018Article
- A comparative study of catastrophic health expenditure in Zhejiang and Qinghai province, China.BMC health services research · 2018Article
- Improvement of the reduction in catastrophic health expenditure in China's public health insurance.PloS one · 2018Article
- Are People Enrolled in NCMS and CURBMI Susceptible in Catastrophic Health Expenditure? Evidence From China.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCatastrophic health expenditure (CHE) puts a heavy disease burden on patients' families, aggravating income-related inequality. In an attempt to reduce the financial risks of rural families incurring CHE, China began the New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NCMS) on a trial basis in 2003 and has raised the reimbursement rates continuously since then. Based on statistical data about rural families in sample area of Jiangsu province, this study measures the incidence of CHE, analyzes socioeconomic inequality related to CHE, and explores the influences of the NCMS on the incidence of CHE.
methodsStatistical data were acquired from two surveys about rural health care, one conducted in 2009 and one conducted in 2010. In 2009, 1424 rural families were analyzed; in 2010, 1796 rural families were analyzed. An index of CHE is created to enable the evaluation of the associated financial risks. The concentration index and concentration curve are used to measure the income-related inequality involved in CHE. Multiple logistic regression is utilized to explore the factors that influence the incidence of CHE.
resultsThe incidence of CHE decreased from 13.62% in 2009 to 7.74% in 2010. The concentration index of CHE was changed from -0.298 (2009) to -0.323 (2010). Compared with rural families in which all members were covered by the NCMS, rural families in which some members were not covered by the NCMS had a lower incidence of CHE: The odds ratio is 0.65 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.43 to 1.00. For rural families in which all members were covered by the NCMS, the increase in reimbursement rates is correlated to the decline in the incidence of CHE if other influencing factors were controlled: The odds ratio is 0.48 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.36 to 0.64.
conclusionsBetween 2009 and 2010, the incidence rate of CHE in the sampled area decreased sharply, CHE was more concentrated among least wealthy and inequality increased during study period. As of 2010, the poorest rural families still had high risk of experiencing CHE. For rural families in which all members are covered by the NCMS, the rise in reimbursement rates reduces the probability of experiencing CHE.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.