ArticleEnvironmental science and pollution research international2017
Pharmacopollution and Household Waste Medicine (HWM): how reverse logistics is environmentally important to Brazil.
Article in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Facilitators for establishing a home-based medicine reverse logistic system in low- and middle-income countries - a scoping review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Medicine storage, wastage, and associated determinants among urban households: a systematic review and meta-analysis of household surveys.BMC public health · 2021Pooled it
- Bibliometric Analysis and Review of Global Academic Research on Drug Take-Back Programs.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Rational drug use and the disposal cost of unused medications within house; a descriptive-cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of unused medications and determinants among the general public in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Optimization of household medical waste recycling logistics routes: Considering contamination risks.PloS one · 2024Article
- Removal of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) by Free Radicals in Advanced Oxidation Processes.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Estimates of Dietary Exposure to Antibiotics among a Community Population in East China.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Reverse logistics research of municipal hazardous waste: a literature review.Environment, development and sustainability · 2022Review
- End-of-use and end-of-life medicines-insights from pharmaceutical care process into waste medicines management.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Household Drug Management Practices of Residents in a Second-Tier City in China: Opportunities for Reducing Drug Waste and Environmental Pollution.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Typical antibiotics in the receiving rivers of direct-discharge sources of sewage across Shanghai: occurrence and source analysis.RSC advances · 2021Article
- Pharmaceutical Pollution and Disposal of Expired, Unused, and Unwanted Medicines in the Brazilian Context.Journal of xenobiotics · 2021Review
- Structured photocatalytic systems: photocatalytic coatings on low-cost structures for treatment of water contaminated with micropollutants-a short review.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Review
- A grey-DEMATEL approach for analyzing factors critical to the implementation of reverse logistics in the pharmaceutical care process.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2021Article
- Understanding the behavioural intention to dispose of unused medicines: an extension of the theory of planned behaviour.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pharmacopollution is a public health and environmental outcome of some active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDC) dispersed through water and/or soil. Its most important sources are the pharmaceutical industry, healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals), livestock, aquaculture, and households (patients' excretion and littering). The last source is the focus of this article. Research questions are "What is the Household Waste Medicine (HWM) phenomenon?", "How HWM and pharmacopollution are related?", and "Why is a reverse logistic system necessary for HWM in Brazil?" This article followed the seven steps proposed by Rother (2007) for a systematic review based on the Cochrane Handbook and the National Health Service (NHS) Center for Reviews Dissemination (CDR) Report. The HWM phenomenon brings many environmental, public health, and, social challenges. The insufficient data is a real challenge to assessing potential human health risks and API concentrations. Therefore, the hazard of long-term exposure to low concentrations of pharmacopollutants and the combined effects of API mixtures is still uncertain. HWM are strongly related to pharmacopollution, as this review shows. The Brazilian HWM case is remarkable because it is the fourth pharmaceutical market (US$ 65,971 billion), with a wide number of private pharmacies and drugstores (3.3: 10,000 pharmacy/inhabitants), self-medication habits, and no national take-back program. The HWM generation is estimated in 56.6 g/per capita, or 10,800 t/year. The absence of a reverse logistics for HWM can lead to serious environmental and public health challenges. The sector agreement for HWM is currently under public consultation.
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Registered trials
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