Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28923068›Full record

ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2017

Using blood cytokine measures to define high inflammatory biotype of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

Danny Boerrigter, Thomas W Weickert, Rhoshel Lenroot, Maryanne O'Donnell, Cherrie Galletly, Dennis Liu, Martin Burgess, Roxanne Cadiz, Isabella Jacomb, Vibeke S Catts and 2 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 81 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
81citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

81 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.

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21 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.

Danny BoerrigterNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
Thomas W WeickertNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
Rhoshel LenrootNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
Maryanne O'DonnellSchool of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
Cherrie GalletlyDiscipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Dennis LiuDiscipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Martin BurgessNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
Roxanne CadizNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
Isabella JacombNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
Vibeke S CattsNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
Stu G FillmanNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia.
Cynthia Shannon WeickertNeuroscience Research Australia, and Schizophrenia Research Institute, Barker Street, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia. cyndi@neura.edu.au.
Schizophrenia Research Institute · AUNeuroscience Research Australia · AUUNSW Sydney · AUUniversity of Adelaide · AUWomen's and Children's Health Network · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIncreases in pro-inflammatory cytokines are found in the brain and blood of people with schizophrenia. However, increased cytokines are not evident in all people with schizophrenia, but are found in a subset. The cytokine changes that best define this subset, termed the "elevated inflammatory biotype", are still being identified.

methodsUsing quantitative RT-PCR, we measured five cytokine mRNAs (IL-1β, IL-2 IL-6, IL-8 and IL-18) from peripheral blood of healthy controls and of people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 165). We used a cluster analysis of the transcript levels to define those with low and those with elevated levels of cytokine expression. From the same cohort, eight cytokine proteins (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IFNγ and TNFα) were measured in serum and plasma using a Luminex Magpix-based assay. We compared peripheral mRNA and protein levels across diagnostic groups and between those with low and elevated levels of cytokine expression according to our transcription-based cluster analysis.

resultsWe found an overall decrease in the anti-inflammatory IL-2 mRNA (p = 0.006) and an increase in three serum cytokines, IL-6 (p = 0.010), IL-8 (p = 0.024) and TNFα (p < 0.001) in people with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. A greater percentage of people with schizophrenia (48%) were categorised into the elevated inflammatory biotype compared to healthy controls (33%). The magnitude of increase in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 mRNAs in people in the elevated inflammation biotype ranged from 100 to 220% of those in the non-elevated inflammatory biotype and was comparable between control and schizophrenia groups. Blood cytokine protein levels did not correlate with cytokine mRNA levels, and plasma levels of only two cytokines distinguished the elevated and low inflammatory biotypes, with IL-1β significantly increased in the elevated cytokine control group and IL-8 significantly increased in the elevated cytokine schizophrenia group.

conclusionsOur results confirm that individuals with schizophrenia are more likely to have elevated levels of inflammation compared to controls. We suggest that efforts to define inflammatory status based on peripheral measures need to consider both mRNA and protein measures as each have distinct advantages and disadvantages and can yield different results.

Indexed as

AdultBiomarkersCytokinesFemaleHumansInflammationMaleMiddle AgedPsychotic DisordersSchizophreniaYoung AdultBiomarkersCytokinesBiotypeCytokinesGene expressionInflammationPeripheryProteinSchizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID28923068
PMCPMC5604300
OpenAlexW2755585885

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.