ArticleBMC health services research2017
Cost benefit of investment on quality in pharmaceutical manufacturing: WHO GMP pre- and post-certification of a Nigerian pharmaceutical manufacturer.
Article in BMC health services research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Moving beyond a legacy paradigm: A vision for equitable access to quality medicines in Africa.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Adoption of international good manufacturing practices in the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry: promising results from a decade of investment.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2026Review
- From scarcity to sustainability: Policy pathways for equitable snakebite antivenom access in Africa.PLOS global public health · 2026Review
- Tiered manufacturing of pharmaceuticals as a commercial determinant of health: Implications for medicine quality and equity.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Excessive active pharmaceutical ingredients in substandard and falsified drugs should also raise concerns in low-income countries.Journal of global health · 2024Review
- Good manufacturing practice in low- and middle-income countries: Challenges and solutions for compliance.Public health challenges · 2024Article
- Compliance of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Companies to Good Manufacturing Practices in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning Systems: The Case of Local Ethiopian Firms.Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences · 2024Article
- Institutional barriers and enablers to implementing and complying with internationally accepted quality standards in the local pharmaceutical industry of Pakistan: a qualitative study.Health policy and planning · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPharmaceutical companies in Africa need to invest in both facilities and quality management systems to achieve good manufacturing practice (GMP) compliance. Compliance to international GMP standards is important to the attainment of World Health Organization (WHO) prequalification. However, most of the local pharmaceutical manufacturing companies may be deterred from investing in quality because of many reasons, ranging from financial constraints to technical capacity. This paper primarily evaluates benefits against the cost of investing in GMP, using a Nigerian pharmaceutical company, Chi Pharmaceuticals Limited, as a case study. This paper also discusses how to drive more local manufacturers to invest in quality to attain GMP compliance; and proffers practical recommendations for local manufacturers who would want to invest in quality to meet ethical and regulatory obligations.
methodThe cost benefit of improving the quality of Chi Pharmaceuticals Limited's facilities and system to attain WHO GMP certification for the production of zinc sulfate 20-mg dispersible tablets was calculated by dividing the annual benefits derived from quality improvement interventions by the annual costs of implementing quality improvement interventions, referred to as a benefit-cost ratio (BCR).
resultCost benefit of obtaining WHO GMP certification for the production of zinc sulfate 20-mg dispersible tablets was 5.3 (95% confidence interval of 5.0-5.5).
conclusionInvestment in quality improvement intervention is cost-beneficial for local manufacturing companies. Governments and regulators in African countries should support pharmaceutical companies striving to invest in quality. Collaboration of local manufacturing companies with global companies will further improve quality. Local pharmaceutical companies should be encouraged to key into development opportunities available for pharmaceutical companies in Africa.
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