Trial reportInternational journal of cancer2018
Ingested nitrate and nitrite, disinfection by-products, and pancreatic cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
Trial report in International journal of cancer, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Red and processed meat and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Association between Dietary Nitrate, Nitrite Intake, and Site-Specific Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Consumption of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Intake of food additive preservatives and incidence of cancer: results from the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Observational
- The association between urinary nitrate and prostate specific antigen without prostatic disease: a cohort study.BMC urology · 2025Article
- Association of dietary nitrate and nitrite from plant sources with digestive system cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Review
- Invited Perspective: Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products and Cancer-A Historical Perspective.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Source-specific nitrate intake and all-cause mortality in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study.European journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Perovskite Oxides: Syntheses and Perspectives on Their Application for Nitrate Reduction.ACS omega · 2024Review
- Lifestyle Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Disinfection by-products in drinking water and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based cohort study.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2023Article
- Research Recommendations for Selected IARC-Classified Agents: Impact and Lessons Learned.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Review
- Modifiable Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) Risk Factors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Juxtaposition of intensive agriculture, vulnerable aquifers, and mixed chemical/microbial exposures in private-well tapwater in northeast Iowa.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Plant-based diets for CKD patients: fascinating, trendy, but feasible? A green nephrology perspective.Clinical kidney journal · 2023Review
- Review
- Bottled water contaminant exposures and potential human effects.Environment international · 2023Article
- Nitrites and nitrates from food additives and natural sources and cancer risk: results from the NutriNet-Santé cohort.International journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Nitrate and nitrite are precursors of N-nitroso compounds (NOC), probable human carcinogens that cause pancreatic tumors in animals. Disinfection by-products (DBP) exposures have also been linked with digestive system cancers, but few studies have evaluated relationships with pancreatic cancer. We investigated the association of pancreatic cancer with these drinking water contaminants and dietary nitrate/nitrite in a cohort of postmenopausal women in Iowa (1986-2011). We used historical monitoring and treatment data to estimate levels of long-term average nitrate and total trihalomethanes (TTHM; the sum of the most prevalent DBP class) and the duration exceeding one-half the maximum contaminant level (>½ MCL; 5 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen, 40 µg/L TTHM) among participants on public water supplies (PWS) >10 years. We estimated dietary nitrate and nitrite intakes using a food frequency questionnaire. We computed hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using Cox regression and evaluated nitrate interactions with smoking and vitamin C intake. We identified 313 cases among 34,242 women, including 152 with >10 years PWS use (N = 15,710). Multivariable models of average nitrate showed no association with pancreatic cancer (HR
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.