Observational studyBMJ open2017
Combining CD4 recovery and CD4: CD8 ratio restoration as an indicator for evaluating the outcome of continued antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- CD4/CD8 ratio trajectories and their impact on prognosis: a 15-year retrospective longitudinal cohort study of people living with HIV.BMC public health · 2025Article
- No Association Between HIV-1 Subtype and Primary Resistance Mutations with CD4 Reconstitution During Effective Antiretroviral Treatment: An Observational, Cohort Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Observational
- Effect of antiretroviral therapy on the mortality of HIV-1 infection long-term non-progressors: a cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Influence of PD-1 and PD-1L Immune Exhaustion Receptors on Immune Reconstruction in People Living With HIV.Journal of immunology research · 2025Article
- Characteristics and influencing factors of immunological non-responders in HIV-1-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: a cross-sectional study in Guangxi.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The clinical indexes and immunological status of HIV/AIDS patients undergoing different highly active antiretroviral treatments.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Immune reconstitution efficacy after combination antiretroviral therapy in male HIV-1 infected patients with homosexual and heterosexual transmission.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Evaluation of Clinical Biomarkers Related to CD4 Recovery in HIV-Infected Patients-5-Year Observation.Viruses · 2022Article
- Factors Influencing Immune Restoration in People Living with HIV/AIDS.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Analysis of the Influencing Factors of Immunological Nonresponders in Wuhan, China.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2022Article
- Association Between CD4/CD8 Ratio Recovery and Chronic Kidney Disease Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy: A 17-Year Observational Cohort Study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- A Real-world Evidence-based Management of HIV by Differential Duration HAART Treatment and its Association with Incidence of Oral Lesions.Current HIV research · 2022Article
- CD4/CD8 ratio in pregnant women with HIV and its association with pregnancy outcome: data from a national study in Italy.Infection · 2021Article
- Immune restoration in HIV-1-infected patients after 12 years of antiretroviral therapy: a real-world observational study.Emerging microbes & infections · 2020Observational
- CD4+:CD8+ T Cell Ratio Normalization and the Development of AIDS Events in People with HIV Starting Antiretroviral Therapy.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2020Article
- Incomplete immune reconstitution in HIV/AIDS patients on antiretroviral therapy: Challenges of immunological non-responders.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2020Review
- HIV Reservoir Decay and CD4 Recovery Associated With High CD8 Counts in Immune Restored Patients on Long-Term ART.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- Acute HIV Infection and CD4/CD8 Ratio Normalization After Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesImmune recovery following highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is commonly assessed by the degree of CD4 reconstitution alone. In this study, we aimed to assess immune recovery by incorporating both CD4 count and CD4:CD8 ratio.
designObservational cohort study SETTING AND
participantsClinical data from Chinese HIV-positive patients attending the largest HIV service in Hong Kong and who had been on HAART for ≥4 years were accessed.
main outcome measuresOptimal immune outcome was defined as a combination of a CD4 count ≥500/μL and a CD4:CD8 ratio ≥0.8.
resultsA total of 718 patients were included for analysis (6353 person-years). At the end of year 4, 318 out of 715 patients achieved CD4 ≥500/μL, of which only 33% (105 out of 318) concurrently achieved CD4:CD8 ratio ≥0.8. Patients with a pre-HAART CD8 ≤800/μL (428 out of 704) were more likely to be optimal immune outcome achievers with CD4 ≥500/μL and CD4:CD8 ratio ≥0.8, the association of which was stronger after adjusting for pre-HAART CD4 counts. In a multivariable logistic model, optimal immune outcome was positively associated with male gender, younger pre-HAART age and higher pre-HAART CD4 count, longer duration of HAART and pre-HAART CD8 ≤800/μL. Treatment regimen and cumulative viral loads played no significant role in the pattern of immune recovery.
conclusionsA combination of CD4 count and CD4:CD8 ratio could be a useful approach for the characterisation of treatment outcome over time, on top of monitoring CD4 count alone.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.