ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2017
Improved reliability of serological tools for the diagnosis of West Nile fever in horses within Europe.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of Japanese encephalitis in pigs in Mainland China during 2000-2024: a systemic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- First evidence of exposure to West Nile Virus in horses within Denmark, 2025.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Evidence of West Nile Virus Infections in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in the Netherlands, 2018-2021.Zoonoses and public health · 2026Article
- A global database of West Nile virus host prevalence and competence.Scientific data · 2026Article
- West Nile Virus in Horses as a Sentinel Host in One Health Surveillance: Epidemiological Insights and Future Perspectives.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Seroprevalence of Orthoflaviviruses in horses in 3 different Algerian climatic zones between 2021 and 2023.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Diagnosis and Surveillance of West Nile Virus Infection in Horses: Current Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Tick-borne encephalitis virus associated with foetal death in a bitch, a case report.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence and Passive Clinical Surveillance of West Nile Virus in Horses from Ecological High-Risk Areas in Western Romania: Exploratory Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Serological differentiation of West Nile, Usutu, and tick-borne encephalitis virus antibodies in birds and horses using mutant E protein ELISAs.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Reconstructing the silent circulation of West Nile Virus in a Caribbean island during 15 years using sentinel serological data.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- First Serologic Evidence of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus Circulation Among Dogs in the Bulgarian Danube Region and Analysis of Some Risk Factors.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence of West Nile virus, Greece, 2020.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Bead-Based Suspension Array Using Peptides as Antigens to Capture and Identify Serum Antibodies.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- First evidence of circulation of multiple arboviruses in Algeria.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Exposure of cattle to tick-borne encephalitis virus in the historical endemic zone in north-eastern France.BMC veterinary research · 2024Article
- Seroprevalence of West Nile Virus among Equids in Bulgaria in 2022 and Assessment of Some Risk Factors.Veterinary sciences · 2024Article
- European Inter-Laboratory Proficiency Test for Dourine Antibody Detection Using the Complement Fixation Test.Veterinary sciences · 2023Article
- Assessing West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) exposure in bird ringers in the Netherlands: a high-risk group for WNV and USUV infection?One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
West Nile Fever is a zoonotic disease caused by a mosquito-borne flavivirus, WNV. By its clinical sensitivity to the disease, the horse is a useful sentinel of infection. Because of the virus' low-level, short-term viraemia in horses, the primary tools used to diagnose WNV are serological tests. Inter-laboratory proficiency tests (ILPTs) were held in 2010 and 2013 to evaluate WNV serological diagnostic tools suited for the European network of National Reference Laboratories (NRLs) for equine diseases. These ILPTs were designed to evaluate the laboratories' and methods' performances in detecting WNV infection in horses through serology. The detection of WNV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by ELISA is widely used in Europe, with 17 NRLs in 2010 and 20 NRLs in 2013 using IgG WNV assays. Thanks to the development of new commercial IgM capture kits, WNV IgM capture ELISAs were rapidly implemented in NRLs between 2010 (4 NRLs) and 2013 (13 NRLs). The use of kits allowed the quick standardisation of WNV IgG and IgM detection assays in NRLs with more than 95% (20/21) and 100% (13/13) of satisfactory results respectively in 2013. Conversely, virus neutralisation tests (VNTs) were implemented in 33% (7/21) of NRLs in 2013 and their low sensitivity was evidenced in 29% (2/7) of NRLs during this ILPT. A comparison of serological diagnostic methods highlighted the higher sensitivity of IgG ELISAs compared to WNV VNTs. They also revealed that the low specificity of IgG ELISA kits meant that it could detect animals infected with other flaviviruses. In contrast VNT and IgM ELISA assays were highly specific and did not detect antibodies against related flaviviruses. These results argue in favour of the need for and development of new, specific serological diagnostic assays that could be easily transferred to partner laboratories.
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