ReviewNeuron2017
Neuroimmunology of Traumatic Brain Injury: Time for a Paradigm Shift.
Review in Neuron, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06927063 (Long-term Recovery and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Disruption After Traumatic Brain Injury), which is not on this map. Cited by 450 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Long-term Recovery and Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Disruption After Traumatic Brain Injury
Who cites it
450 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 813 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the biological basis of acupuncture treatment for traumatic brain injury: a review of evidence from animal models.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of ASL Perfusion MRI in Mild TBI.Neuropsychology review · 2023Pooled it
- Neuroimmune circuits in respiratory pathophysiology: decoding molecular crosstalk for precision therapeutic targeting.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- First-in-human dosimetry and biodistribution of [European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging · 2026Article
- Traumatic brain injury induces cell-type-specific remodelling of the proteostasis network.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2026Article
- Mild and repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: Changes in microglial cells and synapses.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective activity of the α7-nAChR positive allosteric modulator PNU-120596 on short term outcomes after traumatic brain injury.Experimental neurology · 2026Article
- Chlorogenic acid attenuates TBI-induced neuroinflammation by suppressing cGAS-STING signaling.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Article
- Observational
- Ultrasound-Responsive Piezoelectric Fibrous Membrane Promotes Neurological Recovery After TBI by Modulating Microglial Polarization via Restoring Mitochondrial Dynamic Homeostasis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Tibial bone compression promotes recovery after brain injury through osteocyte PIEZO1.Nature neuroscience · 2026Article
- The damaged connectome: Mechanisms and consequences of brain network reorganization following neurotrauma.Neuroimage. Reports · 2026Review
- Bioenergetics of the combat sports brain: Between risk and resilience.Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2026Review
- FcγR- and CD9-dependent synapse-engulfing microglia in the thalamus drive cognitive impairment following cortical brain damage in mice.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Targeting astrocytic Dp71 attenuates BBB disruption after traumatic brain injury through WTAP-associated mScience advances · 2026Article
- A Long-Lived Human Neurovascular PENTA Culture Model Captures Incomplete Vascular Repair and Glia-Associated Signaling After Traumatic Brain Injury.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Article
- Temporal patterns of neutrophil recruitment and microthrombus formation in fatal traumatic brain injury: a forensic histopathological study.Forensic science, medicine, and pathology · 2026Article
- Cell apoptosis in ischemic stroke: Focus on lipid metabolism.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Research progress on biomarkers of traumatic brain injury.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
390 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and disability, with a considerable socioeconomic burden. Heterogeneity of pathoanatomical subtypes and diversity in the pathogenesis and extent of injury contribute to differences in the course and outcome of TBI. Following the primary injury, extensive and lasting damage is sustained through a complex cascade of events referred to as "secondary injury." Neuroinflammation is proposed as an important manipulable aspect of secondary injury in animal and human studies. Because neuroinflammation can be detrimental or beneficial, before developing immunomodulatory therapies, it is necessary to better understand the timing and complexity of the immune responses that follow TBI. With a rapidly increasing body of literature, there is a need for a clear summary of TBI neuroimmunology. This review presents our current understanding of the immune response to TBI in a chronological and compartment-based manner, highlighting early changes in gene expression and initial signaling pathways that lead to activation of innate and adaptive immunity. Based on recent advances in our understanding of innate immune cell activation, we propose a new paradigm to study innate immune cells following TBI that moves away from the existing M1/M2 classification of activation states toward a stimulus- and disease-specific understanding of polarization state based on transcriptomic and proteomic profiling.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.