ArticleGut2018
Regulatory NK cells mediated between immunosuppressive monocytes and dysfunctional T cells in chronic HBV infection.
Article in Gut, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 156 citations in OpenAlex.
- A bibliometric analysis of immunotherapy for chronic hepatitis B: trends and hotspots prediction.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Restoration of HBV-specific CD8Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Trial
- Occult hepatitis B virus infection.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- ICIsAtlas reveals a suppressive NK cell niche in pan-cancer immunotherapy profiles.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Dissecting antibody-mediated natural killer cell effects reveals a cytotoxic CX3CR1+KLRC2-CD16hi subset linked to hepatitis B virus outcomes.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Article
- Palmitoylation Induced Activation of SMAD3 Exacerbates Colitis by Promoting Tissue-resident Memory T Cells Differentiation.Inflammation · 2026Article
- Microscopic messengers: roles and prospects of extracellular vesicles in hepatitis B and C.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Research Progress on Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance Induced by Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Chronic HBV Infection.Journal of immunology research · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of combining TACE with atezolizumab/bevacizumab versus TACE alone: a retrospective propensity score-matched cohort study in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Emerging nanomedicine for liver diseases treatment.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- The role of PD‑1/PD‑L1 axis in liver diseases.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Innate immune recognition in hepatitis B virus infection.Virulence · 2025Review
- Blocking NKG2A in Echinococcus multilocularis infection partially relieves impairment of NK cell function of the host.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2025Article
- Beyond Adaptive Immunity: Trained Innate Immune Responses as a Novel Frontier in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy.Cancers · 2025Review
- Hepatitis B surface antigen: carcinogenesis mechanisms and clinical implications in hepatocellular carcinoma.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Review
- Comparative single-cell landscape of immune cells in human livers affected HBV and non-viral cirrhosis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Anti-HBV treatment partially restores the dysfunction of innate immune cells and unconventional T cells during chronic HBV infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Unveiling low level viremia in chronic hepatitis B: challenges and new horizons.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
aimsHBV infection represents a major health problem worldwide, but the immunological mechanisms by which HBV causes chronic persistent infection remain only partly understood. Recently, cell subsets with suppressive features have been recognised among monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Here we examine the effects of HBV on monocytes and NK cells.
methodsMonocytes and NK cells derived from chronic HBV-infected patients and healthy controls were purified and characterised for phenotype, gene expression and cytokines secretion by flow cytometry, quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR, ELISA and western blotting. Culture and coculture of monocytes and NK cells were used to determine NK cell activation, using intracellular cytokines staining.
resultsIn chronic HBV infection, monocytes express higher levels of PD-L1, HLA-E, interleukin (IL)-10 and TGF-β, and NK cells express higher levels of PD-1, CD94 and IL-10, compared with healthy individuals. HBV employs hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) to induce suppressive monocytes with HLA-E, PD-L1, IL-10 and TGF-β expression via the MyD88/NFκB signalling pathway. HBV-treated monocytes induce NK cells to produce IL-10, via PD-L1 and HLA-E signals. Such NK cells inhibit autologous T cell activation.
conclusionsOur findings reveal an immunosuppressive cascade, in which HBV generates suppressive monocytes, which initiate regulatory NK cells differentiation resulting in T cell inhibition.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.