ArticleThe International journal on drug policy2017
Polydrug use and its association with drug treatment outcomes among primary heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine users.
Article in The International journal on drug policy, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 66 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
66 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Translational medications development for methamphetamine use disorder: A systematic review of preclinical, human laboratory, and clinical research.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Associations Between Buprenorphine\Naloxone and Methadone Treatment and non-Opioid Substance Use in Prescription-Type Opioid Use Disorder: Secondary Analyses From the OPTIMA Study: Associations entre le traitement avec la buprénorphine/naloxone et avec la méthadone et l'utilisation de substances non opioïdes dans le trouble lié à l'usage d'opioïdes de type sur ordonnance : analyses secondaires de l'étude OPTIMA.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2024Trial
- Acute neurocognitive and subjective effects of oral methamphetamine with low doses of alcohol: A randomised controlled trial.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2023Trial
- Higher prevalence of non-fatal overdose with opioid and stimulant use compared to use of opioids alone.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Service utilization patterns in cocaine use disorder: A data-driven study.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Infectious disease complications associated with opioid use disorder at a southern county hospital: a retrospective chart review.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Impact of morphine dependence and withdrawal on economic demand for fentanyl, cocaine, and methamphetamine in rats.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Lifetime Cannabis, Non-Cigarette Tobacco, and Illicit Drug Use and Cardiovascular Disease Among Young and Middle-Aged U.S. Adults.American journal of lifestyle medicine · 2025Article
- Substances and substance combinations among accidental substance-related acute toxicity deaths (AATDs) in Canada from 2016 to 2017.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Drug Self-Administration, Drug-Specific Behaviors, and Neurobehavioral Deep Learning Analyses.Addiction neuroscience · 2025Article
- Assessing inequities in buprenorphine treatment across the care cascade.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Observational
- Ecological momentary assessment study of same-hour polysubstance use among people who use opioids and additional substances.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Methamphetamine-related psychiatric emergencies in Türkiye: clinical features, risk factors, and follow-up results from a tertiary mental health center.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- A cohort-based assessment of drug use trends during the COVID-19 pandemic: relationship with mood and sociodemographic factors in Brazil.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- The psychedelic drug DOI reduces heroin motivation by targeting 5-HT2A receptors in a heroin and alcohol co-use model.Neuropharmacology · 2024Article
- A quantitative LC-MS/MS method for investigation of polysubstance use involving heroin and cocaine.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis · 2024Article
- Public Perception Towards Drug Abuse in South Korea: The Effects of Overconfidence and Affirmation.Psychiatry investigation · 2024Article
- Longitudinal patterns of use of stimulants and opioids in the AIDS linked to the IntraVenous experience cohort, 2005-2019.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- Effects of a Two-Month Exercise Training Program on Concurrent Non-Opiate Substance Use in Opioid-Dependent Patients during Substitution Treatment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- The Impact of Longitudinal Substance Use Patterns on the Risk of Opioid Agonist Therapy Discontinuation: A Repeated Measures Latent Class Analysis.International journal of mental health and addiction · 2024Article
6 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPolydrug use may challenge effective treatment for substance use disorders. We evaluate whether secondary substance use modifies the association between treatment and primary drug use among primary heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine (MA) users.
methodsData were obtained from prospective cohort studies on people who use illicit drugs (PWUD) in California, USA. Using repeated monthly data on self-reported secondary substance use (heroin, cocaine, MA, alcohol or marijuana; ≥1day in a month), primary drug use (≥1day in a month), and treatment participation, collected via timeline follow-back, we fitted generalized linear mixed multiple regression models controlling for potential confounders to examine the interactions between treatment and secondary substance use on the odds of primary heroin, cocaine and MA use, respectively.
resultsIncluded in our study were 587 primary heroin, 444 primary MA, and 501 primary cocaine users, with a median of 32.4, 13.3 and 18.9 years of follow-up, respectively. In the absence of secondary substance use, treatment was strongly associated with decreased odds of primary drug use (adjusted odds ratios (aORs): 0.25, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.27, 0.07 (0.06, 0.08), and 0.07 (0.07, 0.09)) for primary heroin, MA, and cocaine users, respectively. Secondary substance use of any kind moderated these associations (0.82 (0.78, 0.87), 0.25 (0.21, 0.30) and 0.53 (0.45, 0.61), respectively), and these findings were consistent for each type of secondary substance considered. Moreover, we observed different associations in terms of direction and magnitude between secondary substance use and primary drug use during off-treatment periods across substance types.
conclusionThis study demonstrates secondary substance use moderates the temporal associations between treatment and primary drug use among primary heroin, MA and cocaine users. Disparate patterns of polydrug use require careful measurement and analysis to inform targeted treatment for polydrug users.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.