ArticleNature communications2017
Prophage-triggered membrane vesicle formation through peptidoglycan damage in Bacillus subtilis.
Article in Nature communications, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 198 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
198 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 315 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular vesicles: powerful candidates in nano-drug delivery systems.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Pooled it
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles - brain invaders? A systematic review.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Probiotic extracellular vesicles reprogram macrophage immunometabolism: From gut crosstalk to host health.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles for next-gen therapeutics and drug delivery.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- DNA damage-associated vesicle production inJournal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Synchrotron cryo-soft X-ray microscopy reveals bacterial interactions with nanostructured calcium phosphate substrates.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles as multifunctional defense systems: Roles in immune evasion, phage interactions, and antimicrobial resistance.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Optical analysis of bacterial metabolic activity and spore germination via formazan formation.Analytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry · 2026Article
- Host Factor Induced Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles Promote Horizontal Gene Transfer in Vibrio cholerae.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Engineering Microbial Particles for Next-Generation Biomedical Platforms.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Gut-derived bacterial membrane vesicles in prediabetes: Vesicle composition dictates inflammatory properties.iScience · 2026Article
- Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Biogenesis, Functions, and Emerging Biotechnological Applications.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Liver Diseases.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles drive stress-induced antibiotic resistance spread in soil.Environmental science and ecotechnology · 2026Article
- Biosynthesis and Export of Membrane-Enveloped Selenium Nanoparticles byEnvironmental science & technology · 2026Article
- Raman spectroscopy reveals growth phase-dependent molecular differences in bacterial membrane vesicles.Journal of bacteriology · 2026Article
- Identification and analysis of the crucial holin domain and sites and the bactericidal activity of a holin-endolysin lysis cassette from phage PZL-Ah152 againstJournal of virology · 2026Article
- Socio-evolutionary role of bacterial membrane vesicles in cooperation and competition within microbial communities.The ISME journal · 2026Review
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as players in biofilm dynamics and community interactions.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
138 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Bacteria release membrane vesicles (MVs) that play important roles in various biological processes. However, the mechanisms of MV formation in Gram-positive bacteria are unclear, as these cells possess a single cytoplasmic membrane that is surrounded by a thick cell wall. Here we use live cell imaging and electron cryo-tomography to describe a mechanism for MV formation in Bacillus subtilis. We show that the expression of a prophage-encoded endolysin in a sub-population of cells generates holes in the peptidoglycan cell wall. Through these openings, cytoplasmic membrane material protrudes into the extracellular space and is released as MVs. Due to the loss of membrane integrity, the induced cells eventually die. The vesicle-producing cells induce MV formation in neighboring cells by the enzymatic action of the released endolysin. Our results support the idea that endolysins may be important for MV formation in bacteria, and this mechanism may potentially be useful for the production of MVs for applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology.It is unclear how Gram-positive bacteria, with a thick cell wall, can release membrane vesicles. Here, Toyofuku et al. show that a prophage-encoded endolysin can generate holes in the cell wall through which cytoplasmic membrane material protrudes and is released as vesicles.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.