ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2017
Effect of combination vaccines on completion and compliance of childhood vaccinations in the United States.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Rotavirus vaccine coverage, completion, and compliance: A systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Pooled it
- Costs of managing adverse reactions to hexavalent vaccines: Comparison of DT3aP-HBV-IPV/Hib and DT2aP-HBV-IPV-Hib in France and Spain.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Implications of vaccine-delivery policy for dermatologic care: Lessons from recent US recommendations.JAAD international · 2026Article
- Public trust and evidence: decisions on vaccines must be anchored in science.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Article
- Global vaccine development.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- Combination Vaccines in Routine Childhood Immunization Programs - Worldwide, 2024.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Alternative Childhood Vaccination Schedules in Israel: A Mixed-Methods Study on Prevalence, Patterns, and Public Health Implications.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Favorable safety and immunogenicity of a combined quadrivalent influenza and recombinant SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Sprague-Dawley rats for both primary and booster immunization.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- HPV Vaccination in the U.S. Midwest: Barriers and Facilitators of Initiation and Completion in Adolescents and Young Adults.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Immunogenicity Evaluation of Combination Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus mRNA Vaccines in C57BL/6J Mice.Vaccines · 2025Article
- A discrete choice experiment on Chinese parents' preferences of vaccine schedules against six childhood infectious diseases.Vaccine: X · 2025Article
- Acceptance and willingness to pay for DTaP-HBV-IPV-Hib hexavalent vaccine among parents: A cross-sectional survey in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Financial hindrances to introducing higher-valent pediatric combination vaccines.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Recent advances in the influenza virus vaccine landscape: a comprehensive overview of technologies and trials.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Introduction of a hexavalent vaccine containing acellular pertussis into the national immunization program for infants in Peru: a cost-consequence analysis of vaccination coverage.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- New Vaccine Platforms-Novel Dimensions of Economic and Societal Value and Their Measurement.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Reduced reactogenicity of primary vaccination with DT3aP-HBV-IPV/Hib compared with DT2aP-HBV-IPV-Hib among infants: Mathematical projections in six countries.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- Better adherence to childhood Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination with combination vaccines compared to single-antigen vaccines: Evidence from China.Journal of global health · 2023Article
- Differential coverage for vaccines in the expanded program on immunization (EPI) among children in rural Pakistan.Vaccine · 2023Article
- Pilot study to determine effect of an altruism intervention focusing on herd immunity to enhance influenza vaccination rates.Vaccine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination at age-appropriate intervals increases protection against morbidity and mortality; however, compliance rates among children remain low partly due to a complicated vaccination schedule. Use of combination vaccines reduces the number of injections per visit; however, there is limited evidence quantifying the effect of combination vaccines on vaccination rates. To examine how combination vaccines impact childhood completion (receipt of recommended doses) and compliance (receipt of age-appropriate vaccinations) rates, this study analyzed vaccination data from the 2012 National Immunization Survey (NIS), a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of caregivers of children aged 24 to 35 months in the United States. Vaccines were categorized as combination or single antigen. Vaccine completion was measured at ages 8, 18, and 24 months. Vaccine compliance and time undervaccinated were measured at 24 months. Children who received at least 1 combination vaccine (86%) had a higher completion rate (69%) and compliance with the full vaccine series (4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series) at 24 months (24%) than those who received only single-antigen vaccines (50% and 13%, respectively). Receipt of combination vaccine was associated with an increased likelihood of completing all recommended vaccinations at 24 months (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; P < 0.001), receiving all vaccinations at age-appropriate times (OR = 2.2; P < 0.001), and less than 7 months undervaccinated (OR = 2.4; P < 0.001). Combination vaccines were associated with improved completion and compliance and should be encouraged among children who are undervaccinated or who received single-antigen vaccines only.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.