ArticlePLoS pathogens2017
Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) is a unique superantigen with functional features of two major families of staphylococcal virulence factors.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- A comprehensive review of regulatory mechanisms of novel enterotoxin genes inAnnals of medicine · 2026Review
- Integrated genomic and proteomic analysis of the mouse-adaptedCurrent research in microbial sciences · 2025Article
- Enterotoxin Gene Cluster andCells · 2022Article
- Superantigens, a Paradox of the Immune Response.Toxins · 2022Review
- Article
- Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Multiple Domains of Staphylococcal Superantigen-like Protein 11 (SSL11) Contribute to Neutrophil Inhibition.Biochemistry · 2022Article
- Vegetation Formation inFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Genome Sequencing of a Historic Staphylococcus aureus Collection Reveals New Enterotoxin Genes and Sheds Light on the Evolution and Genomic Organization of This Key Virulence Gene Family.Journal of bacteriology · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
- Enterotoxigenic Potential of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Ready-to-Eat Food.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Review
- Article
- Article
- Immune Evasion byMicrobiology spectrum · 2019Review
- Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus aureus associated with subclinical and clinical bovine mastitis.PloS one · 2019Article
- Identification, cloning and characterization of SpEX exotoxin produced by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.PloS one · 2019Article
- Manipulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Staphylococcal Superantigens.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Basis of Virulence in Enterotoxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Food Poisoning.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that produces many virulence factors. Two major families of which are the staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) and the Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like (SSL) exoproteins. The former are immunomodulatory toxins that induce a Vβ-specific activation of T cells, while the latter are immune evasion molecules that interfere with a wide range of innate immune defences. The superantigenic properties of Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) have recently been established. We now reveal that SElX also possesses functional characteristics of the SSLs. A region of SElX displays high homology to the sialyl-lactosamine (sLacNac)-specific binding site present in a sub-family of SSLs. By analysing the interaction of SElX with sLacNac-containing glycans we show that SElX has an equivalent specificity and host cell binding range to the SSLs. Mutation of key amino acids in this conserved region affects the ability of SElX to bind to cells of myeloid origin and significantly reduces its ability to protect S. aureus from destruction in a whole blood killing (WBK) assay. Like the SSLs, SElX is up-regulated early during infection and is under the control of the S. aureus exotoxin expression (Sae) two component gene regulatory system. Additionally, the structure of SElX in complex with the sLacNac-containing tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) reveals that SElX is a unique single-domain SAg. In summary, SElX is an 'SSL-like' SAg.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.