ArticleJournal of integrative plant biology2017
Stigmatic exudate in the Annonaceae: Pollinator reward, pollen germination medium or extragynoecial compitum?
Article in Journal of integrative plant biology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Diversity and functional traits of the flower stigma microbiome in heterotrophic and autotrophic plants: Phelipanche ramosa vs. its host Nicotiana tabacum.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Fungus-mediated plant-pollinator mutualism in Monoon laui (Annonaceae): functional differentiation of stigmatic exudate and petal nectar.BMC biology · 2025Article
- Stigmas of holoparasitic Phelipanche arenaria (Orobanchaceae) - a suitable ephemeric flower habitat for development unique microbiome.BMC plant biology · 2023Article
- Differences in Nectar Traits between Ornithophilous and Entomophilous Plants on Mount Cameroon.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Evolutionary and Ecological Considerations on Nectar-Mediated Tripartite Interactions in Angiosperms and Their Relevance in the Mediterranean Basin.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- A Compendium ofFrontiers in plant science · 2021Article
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- Homology and functions of inner staminodes inAoB PLANTS · 2020Article
- A revision ofPhytoKeys · 2018Article
- Stigmatic exudate in the Annonaceae: Pollinator reward, pollen germination medium or extragynoecial compitum?Journal of integrative plant biology · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although "dry-type" stigmas are widely regarded as ancestral in angiosperms, the early-divergent family Annonaceae has copious stigmatic exudate. We evaluate three putative functions for this exudate: as a nutritive reward for pollinators; as a pollen germination medium; and as an extragynoecial compitum that enables pollen tube growth between carpels. Stigmatic exudate is fructose dominated (72.2%), but with high levels of glucose and sucrose; the dominance of hexose sugars and the diversity of amino acids observed, including many that are essential for insects, support a nutritive role for pollinators. Sugar concentration in pre-receptive flowers is high (28.2%), falling during the peak period of stigmatic receptivity (17.4%), and then rising again toward the end of the pistillate phase (32.9%). Pollen germination was highest in sugar concentrations <20%. Sugar concentrations during the peak pistillate phase therefore provide optimal osmolarity for pollen hydration and germination; subsequent changes in sugar concentration during anthesis reinforce protogyny (in which carpels mature before stamens), enabling the retention of concentrated exudate into the staminate phase as a pollinator food reward without the possibility of pollen germination. Intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes was confirmed: the exudate therefore also functions as a suprastylar extragynoecial compitum, overcoming the limitations of apocarpy.
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