ArticleDemography2017
Children and Careers: How Family Size Affects Parents' Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run.
Article in Demography, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Importance of Self-Selection and Childcare Leave Length for Child Penalty.European journal of population = Revue europeenne de demographie · 2025Article
- Family Formation and Employment Changes Among Descendants of Immigrants in France: A Multiprocess Analysis.European journal of population = Revue europeenne de demographie · 2024Article
- Universal Full-Day Kindergarten and Maternal Labor Supply: A Life-Cycle Analysis.Research square · 2024Article
- The dilemma between fertility and work: How did the Universal Two-Child policy affect Chinese women's labor income?PloS one · 2024Article
- Determinants of Disparities in Early COVID-19 Job Losses.Demography · 2022Article
- Does Childbearing Affect Cognitive Health in Later Life? Evidence From an Instrumental Variable Approach.Demography · 2022Article
- Children and female labor market outcomes in Vietnam.Heliyon · 2021Article
- Does Unpaid Caregiving Erode Working Hours Among Middle-Aged Chinese Adults?Social indicators research · 2021Article
- Human fertility in relation to education, economy, religion, contraception, and family planning programs.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Is Two Too Many? Parity and Mothers' Labor Force Exit.Journal of marriage and the family · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We estimate the effect of family size on various measures of labor market outcomes over the whole career until retirement, using instrumental variables estimation in data from Norwegian administrative registers. Parents' number of children is instrumented with the sex mix of their first two children. We find that having additional children causes sizable reductions in labor supply for women, which fade as children mature and even turn positive for women without a college degree. Among women with a college degree, there is evidence of persistent and even increasing career penalties of family size. Having additional children reduces these women's probability of being employed by higher-paying firms, their earnings rank within the employing firm, and their probability of being the top earner at the workplace. Some of the career effects persist long after labor supply is restored. We find no effect of family size on any of men's labor market outcomes in either the short or long run.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.