ArticleScientific reports2017
Pleomorphic bacteria-like structures in human blood represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein particles.
Article in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Blood microbiome signatures in systemic diseases: current insights, methodological pitfalls, and future horizons.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Choice of blood collection methods influences extracellular vesicles counts and miRNA profiling.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Article
- Blood Microbiota and Its Products: Mechanisms of Interference with Host Cells and Clinical Outcomes.Hematology reports · 2024Review
- The Blood Microbiome and Health: Current Evidence, Controversies, and Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Human circulating bacteria and dysbiosis in non-infectious diseases.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Morphology of blood microbiota in healthy individuals assessed by light and electron microscopy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Culturable and Non-Culturable Blood Microbiota of Healthy Individuals.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- A Brief Review about the Role of Nanomaterials, Mineral-Organic Nanoparticles, and Extra-Bone Calcification in Promoting Carcinogenesis and Tumor Progression.Biomedicines · 2019Review
- Molecular characterisation of the synovial fluid microbiome in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy control subjects.PloS one · 2019Article
- The Healthy Human Blood Microbiome: Fact or Fiction?Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2019Review
- Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes as Causative Agents for Impaired Blood Rheology and Pathological Clotting in Alzheimer's Type Dementia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2018Review
- Multi-Method Characterization of the Human Circulating Microbiome.Frontiers in microbiology · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Although human blood is believed to be a sterile environment, recent studies suggest that pleomorphic bacteria exist in the blood of healthy humans. These studies have led to the development of "live-blood analysis," a technique used by alternative medicine practitioners to diagnose various human conditions, including allergies, cancer, cardiovascular disease and septicemia. We show here that bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles form in healthy human blood observed under dark-field microscopy. These structures gradually increase in number during incubation and show morphologies reminiscent of cells undergoing division. Based on lipid analysis and Western blotting, we show that the bacteria-like entities consist of membrane vesicles containing serum and exosome proteins, including albumin, fetuin-A, apolipoprotein-A1, alkaline phosphatase, TNFR1 and CD63. In contrast, the refringent particles represent protein aggregates that contain several blood proteins. 16S rDNA PCR analysis reveals the presence of bacterial DNA in incubated blood samples but also in negative controls, indicating that the amplified sequences represent contaminants. These results suggest that the bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles observed in human blood represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein aggregates derived from blood. The phenomena observed during live-blood analysis are therefore consistent with time-dependent decay of cells and body fluids during incubation ex vivo.
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