ArticlePloS one2017
The role of dietary sodium intake on the modulation of T helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sodium and potassium intake in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of clinical studies with implications for disease-related outcomes.Rheumatology international · 2026Pooled it
- Diet and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): From Supplementation to Intervention.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Does Sodium Intake Induce Systemic Inflammatory Response? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Studies in HumansNutrients · 2021Pooled it
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Diet and Nutrients in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Pooled it
- High-Salt Diet Exacerbates Murine Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Dermatitis via Activation of Serum- and Glucocorticoid-Inducible Kinase 1.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Dietary and Nutritional Factors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pathophysiology: A Scoping Review of the Evidence from In Vitro, In Vivo, and Human Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- The Role of Microbiome and Diet on Disease Activity and Immune-Inflammatory Status in Rheumatoid Arthritis.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Dietary sodium intake and all-cause mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: an NHANES analysis (2003-2018).Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- The association between dietary sodium density and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in US adults.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Lack of Association Between Sodium Intake and Cytokine Levels.Integrated blood pressure control · 2024Article
- Salt Behind the Scenes of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis.Current nutrition reports · 2023Review
- Article
- Rheumatoid Arthritis and Reactive Oxygen Species: A Review.Current issues in molecular biology · 2023Article
- The ion transporter NaScience advances · 2023Article
- Differential impact of environmental factors on systemic and localized autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- The modulatory effect of high salt on immune cells and related diseases.Cell proliferation · 2022Review
- Review
- Interplay of Environmental, Individual and Genetic Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Provocation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Advantages and limitations of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in breaking down the role of the gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2022Review
- Your Regulatory T Cells Are What You Eat: How Diet and Gut Microbiota Affect Regulatory T Cell Development.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
We aimed at investigating whether the frequency and function of T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells (Treg) are affected by a restriction of dietary sodium intake in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We enrolled RA and SLE patients not receiving drugs known to increase urinary sodium excretion. Patients underwent a dietary regimen starting with a restricted daily sodium intake followed by a normal-sodium daily intake. The timepoints were identified at baseline (T0), after 3 weeks of low-sodium dietary regimen (T3), after 2 weeks of normal-sodium dietary regimen (T5). On these visits, we measured the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, the frequency and function of Th17 and Treg cells in the peripheral blood, the serum levels of cytokines. Analysis of urinary sodium excretion confirmed adherence to the dietary regimen. In RA patients, a trend toward a reduction in the frequencies of Th17 cells over the low-sodium dietary regimen followed by an increase at T5 was observed, while Treg cells exhibited the opposite trend. SLE patients showed a progressive reduction in the percentage of Th17 cells that reached a significance at T5 compared to T0 (p = 0.01) and an increase in the percentage of Treg cells following the low-sodium dietary regimen at both T1 and T3 compared to T0 (p = 0.04 and p = 0.02, respectively). No significant apoptosis or proliferation modulation was found. In RA patients, we found a reduction at T5 compared to T0 in serum levels of both TGFβ (p = 0.0016) and IL-9 (p = 0.0007); serum IL-9 levels were also reduced in SLE patients at T5 with respect to T0 (p = 0.03). This is the first study investigating the effects of dietary sodium intake on adaptive immunity. Based on the results, we hypothesize that a restricted sodium dietary intake may dampen the inflammatory response in RA and SLE patients.
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