ArticleProtoplasma2018
Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences.
Article in Protoplasma, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- Isospora atticorae n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the white-thighed swallow Atticora tibialis (Cassin, 1853) (Passeriformes: Passeri: Hirundinidae) in Brazil.Acta parasitologica · 2026Article
- SeparatingBio-protocol · 2026Article
- The life cycle of fatty acids in oleaginous stramenopiles: from synthesis to maturation and beyond.BMC plant biology · 2026Review
- Erythromycin induces lipid redistribution and toxicological effect of the marine diatomFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Functional characterization of lactate metabolism and its key regulatory genes reveals lactate-mediated modulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Phaeodactylum tricornutum.Microbial cell factories · 2025Article
- Molecular Phylogeny of the SELMA Translocation Machinery Recounts the Evolution of Complex Photosynthetic Eukaryotes.Molecular biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Codepoietic Generation of Meaningful Information in the Evolving Biosphere.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Fungal and Protist Community as Affected by Tillage, Crop Residue Burning and N Fertilizer Application.Current microbiology · 2025Article
- Exploring salinity induced adaptations in marine diatoms using advanced photonic techniques.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The nature of 'jaws': a new predatory representative of Provora and the ultrastructure of nibbling protists.Open biology · 2024Article
- Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase isoforms play diverse roles inside and outside the diatom plastid.The Plant cell · 2024Article
- The Evolutionary Origins and Ancestral Features of Septins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The evolutionary origins and ancestral features of septins.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- The diversity of ignorance and the ignorance of diversity: origins and implications of "shadow diversity" for conservation biology and extinction.Cambridge prisms. Extinction · 2024Review
- Multiple parallel origins of parasitic Marine Alveolates.Nature communications · 2023Article
- 16S and 18S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing Analysis of Aesthetically Problematic Microbial Mats on the Walls of the Petralona Cave: The Use of Essential Oils as a Cleaning Method.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Towards interoperability in infection control: a standard data model for microbiology.Scientific data · 2023Article
- Analysis of Predicted Amino Acid Sequences of Diatom Microtubule Center Components.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Variability in Macro- and Micronutrients of 15 Rarely Researched Microalgae.Marine drugs · 2023Article
- Maturases and Group II Introns in the Mitochondrial Genomes of the Deepest Jakobid Branch.Genome biology and evolution · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 1981 I established kingdom Chromista, distinguished from Plantae because of its more complex chloroplast-associated membrane topology and rigid tubular multipartite ciliary hairs. Plantae originated by converting a cyanobacterium to chloroplasts with Toc/Tic translocons; most evolved cell walls early, thereby losing phagotrophy. Chromists originated by enslaving a phagocytosed red alga, surrounding plastids by two extra membranes, placing them within the endomembrane system, necessitating novel protein import machineries. Early chromists retained phagotrophy, remaining naked and repeatedly reverted to heterotrophy by losing chloroplasts. Therefore, Chromista include secondary phagoheterotrophs (notably ciliates, many dinoflagellates, Opalozoa, Rhizaria, heliozoans) or walled osmotrophs (Pseudofungi, Labyrinthulea), formerly considered protozoa or fungi respectively, plus endoparasites (e.g. Sporozoa) and all chromophyte algae (other dinoflagellates, chromeroids, ochrophytes, haptophytes, cryptophytes). I discuss their origin, evolutionary diversification, and reasons for making chromists one kingdom despite highly divergent cytoskeletons and trophic modes, including improved explanations for periplastid/chloroplast protein targeting, derlin evolution, and ciliary/cytoskeletal diversification. I conjecture that transit-peptide-receptor-mediated 'endocytosis' from periplastid membranes generates periplastid vesicles that fuse with the arguably derlin-translocon-containing periplastid reticulum (putative red algal trans-Golgi network homologue; present in all chromophytes except dinoflagellates). I explain chromist origin from ancestral corticates and neokaryotes, reappraising tertiary symbiogenesis; a chromist cytoskeletal synapomorphy, a bypassing microtubule band dextral to both centrioles, favoured multiple axopodial origins. I revise chromist higher classification by transferring rhizarian subphylum Endomyxa from Cercozoa to Retaria; establishing retarian subphylum Ectoreta for Foraminifera plus Radiozoa, apicomonad subclasses, new dinozoan classes Myzodinea (grouping Colpovora gen. n., Psammosa), Endodinea, Sulcodinea, and subclass Karlodinia; and ranking heterokont Gyrista as phylum not superphylum.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.