ArticleThe American journal of cardiology2017
Temporal Associations Between Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease, 1971 to 2006 (from the Framingham Heart Study).
Article in The American journal of cardiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative disease risks associated with cigarette smoking and use of moist smokeless tobacco and snus: an umbrella review of epidemiological evidence from the United States and Western Europe.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Association between socioeconomic status and cardiovascular disease by sex: Mediating roles of psychological and behavioral factors.PloS one · 2026Article
- Integrating HiTOP and RDoC frameworks part II: shared and distinct biological mechanisms of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Relations Between BMI Trajectories and Habitual Physical Activity Measured by a Smartwatch in the Electronic Cohort of the Framingham Heart Study: Cohort Study.JMIR cardio · 2022Article
- Exploring the Relationship Between Schizophrenia and Cardiovascular Disease: A Genetic Correlation and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Study.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2022Article
- Cardiovascular health through a sex and gender lens in six South Asian countries: Findings from the WHO STEPS surveillance.Journal of global health · 2022Article
- The Diabetes-Cardiovascular Connection in Women: Understanding the Known Risks, Outcomes, and Implications for Care.Current diabetes reports · 2022Review
- Vascular Tissue Specific miRNA Profiles Reveal Novel Correlations with Risk Factors in Coronary Artery Disease.Biomolecules · 2021Article
- Article
- High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I and T Response Following Strenuous Activity is Attenuated by Smokeless Tobacco: NEEDED (North Sea Race Endurance Exercise Study) 2014.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2020Article
- Mediating effects of lipids on the association between smoking and coronary artery disease risk among Chinese.Lipids in health and disease · 2020Article
- BMI modified the association of current smoking with the incidence of hypertension in Chinese population: a 22-year cohort study.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Egocentric Health Networks and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the ECHORN Cohort Study.Journal of general internal medicine · 2020Article
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Elderly Patients: Analysis of the INSIGHTS-IPF Observational Study.Frontiers in medicine · 2020Article
- Sex hormones affect endothelial lipase-mediated lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis.Lipids in health and disease · 2019Article
- Optimal Non-invasive Strategies to Reduce Recurrent Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk.Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine · 2019Review
- Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis for Cardiologists: Differential Diagnosis, Cardiovascular Comorbidities, and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2019Review
- Trends in morbidity and mortality from COPD in Brazil, 2000 to 2016.Jornal brasileiro de pneumologia : publicacao oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e TisilogiaArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Smoking has consistently been related to cardiovascular risk. Public health efforts have yielded reduced smoking prevalence and gains in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention. We hypothesized that the contribution of tobacco to CVD risk would be attenuated over prospective decades (1971 to 2006) in a community-based cohort. We evaluated 5,041 Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort participants (mean age 36.1 years, 52% women) without prevalent CVD. We collected prospective data on smoking status, relevant CVD risk factors, and incident CVD events across prospective decades. We used multivariable-adjusted, Cox proportional hazard models to measure the effect of smoking on incident CVD over 3 prospective 12-year follow-up periods. Our results demonstrated a consistent twofold increased risk of CVD in men who smoke compared with nonsmokers for each 12-year time period spanning from 1971 to 2006. Women who smoked had a 1.5-fold increased CVD risk. Smoking remains an important risk factor despite substantial improvements in the prevention and treatment of CVD. Significant, contemporary improvements in CVD prevention-such as gains in hypertension and cholesterol treatment-have not attenuated the strong and persistent associations between smoking and CVD observed here. In conclusion, our results highlight the importance of continued public health efforts to address smoking as a modifiable exposure that strongly contributes toward CVD risk.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.