ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2018
Cognitive Aging in Black and White Americans: Cognition, Cognitive Decline, and Incidence of Alzheimer Disease Dementia.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 250 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
250 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 320 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychometric properties of the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery composites in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: A systematic review.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Pooled it
- Diabetic retinopathy and cognitive dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta diabetologica · 2022Pooled it
- Age-related DNA methylation on Y chromosome and their associations with total mortality among Chinese males.Aging cell · 2022Pooled it
- Ethnic Differences in Dementia Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2021Pooled it
- Proximal improvement and higher-order resting state network change after multidomain cognitive training intervention in healthy older adults.GeroScience · 2022Trial
- Exposome-wide association study and predictive risk score for incident Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Association Between Changes in Perceived Neighborhood and Cognitive Performance Within Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span (HANDLS) Black Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Exploring Social Determinants of Cognitive Functioning: History of Criminal Legal System Involvement and Processing Speed among Older Black Americans.Sociological focus · 2026Article
- Residential aircraft and road noise exposure, cognition, and Alzheimer's dementia in a US cohort of older adults.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- The Association BetweenNeurology. Genetics · 2026Article
- Alcohol use andAlzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2026Article
- Linking perceived stress and cognitive aging: The influence of blood pressure in Black Americans.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Telomere Length and Cognitive Function Among Middle-Aged and Older Participants From Communities Underrepresented in Aging Research: A Preliminary Study.Journal of aging and health · 2026Article
- Predictors of cognitive resilience in the old-old: An observational study using real-world electronic health record data.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Observational
- Plasma lipids connecting olfaction with cognition and physical function.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Genetic modifiers of APOE-ε4-associated cognitive decline.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Epigenomics in Understanding Racial Disparities of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Development of Alzheimer's disease risk score for future integrated primary care: a white-box approach.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- The relationship between blood pressure and cognitive decline differs by race.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Neighborhood disadvantage and subjective cognitive function among older Black women.Psychology and aging · 2025Article
190 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUS-based studies have reported that older blacks perform worse than older whites on cognitive tests and have higher risk of Alzheimer disease dementia (AD). It is unclear whether these findings reflect differences in cognitive decline.
methodsThe Chicago Health and Aging Project followed individuals, 65+ years old (64% black, 36% white), for up to 18 years. Participants underwent triennial cognitive assessments; stratified randomized samples underwent assessments for AD. We compared black and white participants' cognitive performance, cognitive decline rate (N = 7,735), and AD incidence (N = 2,144), adjusting for age and sex.
resultsBlack participants performed worse than white participants on the cognitive tests; 441 participants developed AD. Black participants' incident AD risk was twice that of whites (RR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4, 2.7), with 58 excess cases/1,000 occurring among blacks (95% CI, 28, 88). Among noncarriers of APOE ε4, blacks had 2.3 times the AD risk (95% CI, 1.5, 3.6), but among carriers, race was not associated with risk (RR = 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6, 2.0; Pinteraction = 0.05). However, cognitive decline was not faster among blacks: the black-white difference in 5-year change in global cognitive score was 0.007 standard unit (95% CI, -0.034, 0.047). Years of education accounted for a sizable portion of racial disparities in cognitive level and AD risk, in analyses using a counterfactual approach.
conclusionsThe higher risk of AD among blacks may stem from lower level of cognitive test performance persisting throughout the observation period rather than faster rate of late-life cognitive decline. Disparities in educational attainment may contribute to these performance disparities. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B299.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.