ArticleGenes & nutrition2017
Multi-parameter comparison of a standardized mixed meal tolerance test in healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects: the PhenFlex challenge.
Article in Genes & nutrition, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 64 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Clock Thickens: Morning or Evening Training for the Treatment of NAFLD? (TikTac Study)
Standardized Meals With Different Macronutrient Ratios on the Postprandial Metabolome and Metabolic Flexibility
Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed.
- The association between liver fat content and plasma metabolite profiles in fasting and postprandial states: an integration of a cohort study and a randomized controlled trial.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Trial
- Personalisation of the Dutch combined lifestyle intervention SLIMMER improves participant retention and weight loss in people at risk for cardiometabolic disease.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Multi-study feasibility analysis on a composite biomarker of inflammatory resilience to quantify the effects of energy restriction on low-grade inflammation in overweight and obese individuals.European journal of nutrition · 2025Trial
- Postprandial Metabolomic Profiling: Insights into Macronutrient-Specific Metabolic Responses in Healthy Individuals.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Higher glucose and insulin responses to a mixed meal are associated with increased risk of diabetic retinopathy in Indigenous Americans.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2024Trial
- The effects of early short-term insulin treatment vs. glimepiride on beta cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with HbA1c above 9.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Chitin-glucan supplementation improved postprandial metabolism and altered gut microbiota in subjects at cardiometabolic risk in a randomized trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Evaluation of Food-Intake Behavior in a Healthy Population: Personalized vs. One-Size-Fits-All.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Whole Grain Wheat Consumption Affects Postprandial Inflammatory Response in a Randomized Controlled Trial in Overweight and Obese Adults with Mild Hypercholesterolemia in the Graandioos Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2019Trial
- (Dis)agreement and concordance of metabolic indices from the oral glucose tolerance test and mixed-meal tolerance test: Implications for application.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Early pregnancy meal tolerance test responses and their association with later insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese women: an exploratory analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Observational
- Quantifying Individual Health Status from Multi-omics Data by Health State Manifold.Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Moderating carbohydrate digestion rate in mice promotes fat oxidation and metabolic flexibility revealed through a new approach to assess metabolic substrate utilization.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- A toolkit for quantifying individual response to herbal extracts in metabolic and inflammatory stress.NPJ science of food · 2025Article
- Microvascular effects of a mixed meal tolerance test: a model validation study.Clinical physiology and functional imaging · 2025Article
- Evaluating the impact of lipids in isolated islet research.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundA key feature of metabolic health is the ability to adapt upon dietary perturbations. Recently, it was shown that metabolic challenge tests in combination with the new generation biomarkers allow the simultaneous quantification of major metabolic health processes. Currently, applied challenge tests are largely non-standardized. A systematic review defined an optimal nutritional challenge test, the "PhenFlex test" (PFT). This study aimed to prove that PFT modulates all relevant processes governing metabolic health thereby allowing to distinguish subjects with different metabolic health status. Therefore, 20 healthy and 20 type 2 diabetic (T2D) male subjects were challenged both by PFT and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). During the 8-h response time course, 132 parameters were quantified that report on 26 metabolic processes distributed over 7 organs (gut, liver, adipose, pancreas, vasculature, muscle, kidney) and systemic stress.
resultsIn healthy subjects, 110 of the 132 parameters showed a time course response. Patients with T2D showed 18 parameters to be significantly different after overnight fasting compared to healthy subjects, while 58 parameters were different in the post-challenge time course after the PFT. This demonstrates the added value of PFT in distinguishing subjects with different health status. The OGTT and PFT response was highly comparable for glucose metabolism as identical amounts of glucose were present in both challenge tests. Yet the PFT reports on additional processes, including vasculature, systemic stress, and metabolic flexibility.
conclusionThe PFT enables the quantification of all relevant metabolic processes involved in maintaining or regaining homeostasis of metabolic health. Studying both healthy subjects and subjects with impaired metabolic health showed that the PFT revealed new processes laying underneath health. This study provides the first evidence towards adopting the PFT as gold standard in nutrition research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.