ReviewObere extremitat2017
ABC classification of posterior shoulder instability.
Review in Obere extremitat, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation-Enhanced Physical Therapist Intervention for Functional Posterior Shoulder Instability (Type B1): A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.Physical therapy · 2024Trial
- Shoulder-Pacemaker Treatment Concept for Posterior Positional Functional Shoulder Instability: A Prospective Clinical Trial.The American journal of sports medicine · 2020Trial
- Posterior stabilization and sub-total pectoralis major release for combined dynamic functional and structural posterior instability: a case report.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2026Article
- Clinical outcomes and care in patients with posterior glenohumeral instability treated with bone block technique.Musculoskeletal surgery · 2026Article
- [Static posterior humeral subluxation without osteoarthritis (posterior shoulder instability type C1) : Where does it come from and is there a solution?]Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- [Posterior shoulder instability : Epidemiology, examination, and diagnostics].Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Arthroscopic Posterior Glenoid Bone Block Using an Adapted Anterior Glenoid Guide and Independent Cortical Button Fixation.Arthroscopy techniques · 2026Article
- [Treatment of acute, first-time posterior shoulder instability].Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- A bibliometric and thematic analysis of the 100 most cited articles on posterior shoulder instability.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2026Review
- Bony Lesion Severity in First-Time Posterior Shoulder Dislocation: The Role of Glenoid and Acromial Morphology.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Schulthess Clinic Zürich Shoulder Instability Registry: a local registry for multimodal data collection and enhanced care.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Preosteoarthritic static posterior humeral subluxation in young adults (posterior shoulder instability type C1): associative factors, diagnosis, and treatment.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2025Review
- Arthroscopic posterior J-bone graft technique.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2025Article
- Reproducibility and Relevance of Acromial Morphology Measurements in Shoulder Pathologies: A Critical Review of the Literature.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The duration of dislocation is the most important prognostic factor in chronic locked posterior shoulder dislocations treated with the modified McLaughlin surgical procedure: a multicentre study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Arthroscopic medial tenodesis of subscapularis tendon (AMTS) in static posterior shoulder dislocation (C1): a surgical technique.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2024Article
- Diagnosis and treatment of posterior shoulder instability based on the ABC classification.EFORT open reviews · 2024Review
- Arthroscopic Posterior Bone Block Stabilization Using a Tricortical Autograft of the Ipsilateral Scapular Spine.Arthroscopy techniques · 2024Article
- Differences in Osseous Shoulder Morphology, Scapulothoracic Orientation, and Muscle Volume in Patients With Constitutional Static Posterior Shoulder Instability (Type C1) Compared With Healthy Controls.The American journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- Letter to the Editor regarding article, "Retrospective analysis of decision-making in post-traumatic posterior shoulder instability".International orthopaedics · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Posterior glenohumeral instability (PGHI) is a commonly under- and misdiagnosed pathology owing to its variety of clinical presentations. In order to facilitate diagnosis and treatment, the simple yet comprehensive ABC classification for PGHI is based on the underlying pathomechanical principles and current standard of treatment. Three main groups of PGHI are distinguished based on the type of instability: A (first time), B (dynamic), C (static). Two subtypes further differentiate these groups in terms of their specific pathomechanism and provide a guideline in the choice of appropriate treatment: A (1, subluxation; 2, dislocation), B (1, functional; 2, structural), C (1, constitutional; 2, acquired). While conservative treatment is warranted in most patients with type 1 PGHI (A1, B1, C1), surgical treatment should be considered on an individual basis in patients with type 2 PGHI (A2, B2, C2), while keeping in mind that the different groups and subtypes can overlap, co-exist, or even progress from one to another over time. Of course the necessity for surgical treatment depends on the extent of the structural defects, on the severity of symptoms, on the chronicity, as well as on patient-specific functional demand, age, and health status. Nonetheless, the ABC classification helps to correctly diagnose the type of PGHI and provides a guideline for the generally recommended type of treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.