Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28851801›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2017

Generalisability of vaccine effectiveness estimates: an analysis of cases included in a postlicensure evaluation of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the USA.

Ruth Link-Gelles, Daniel Westreich, Allison E Aiello, Nong Shang, David J Weber, Jennifer B Rosen, Tasneem Motala, Laurene Mascola, Jeffery Eason, Karen Scherzinger and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Rising Pneumococcal Antibiotic Resistance in the Post-13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era in Pediatric Isolates From a Primary Care Setting.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2021
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Ruth Link-GellesNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Daniel WestreichDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Allison E AielloDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Nong ShangNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
David J WeberDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Jennifer B RosenNew York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City, New York, USA.
Tasneem MotalaCounty of Los Angeles Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Laurene MascolaCounty of Los Angeles Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Jeffery EasonBureau of Epidemiology, Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
Karen ScherzingerEmerging Infections Program, Institute for Public Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
Corinne HoltzmanMinnesota Department of Health, St Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Arthur L ReingoldDepartment of Epidemiologia, California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA.
Meghan BarnesColorado Emerging Infections Program, Denver, Colorado, USA.
Susan PetitConnecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
Monica M FarleyDivision of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Lee H HarrisonDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Shelley ZanskyNew York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.
Ann ThomasOregon Public Health Division, Oregon Emerging Infections Program, Portland, Oregon, USA.
William SchaffnerDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
Lesley McGeeNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Cynthia G WhitneyNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Matthew R MooreNational Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesExternal validity, or generalisability, is the measure of how well results from a study pertain to individuals in the target population. We assessed generalisability, with respect to socioeconomic status, of estimates from a matched case-control study of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine effectiveness for the prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease in children in the USA.

designMatched case-control study.

settingThirteen active surveillance sites for invasive pneumococcal disease in the USA.

participantsCases were identified from active surveillance and controls were age and zip code matched. OUTCOME MEASURES: Socioeconomic status was assessed at the individual level via parent interview (for enrolled individuals only) and birth certificate data (for both enrolled and unenrolled individuals) and at the neighbourhood level by geocoding to the census tract (for both enrolled and unenrolled individuals). Prediction models were used to determine if socioeconomic status was associated with enrolment.

resultsWe enrolled 54.6% of 1211 eligible cases and found a trend toward enrolled cases being more affluent than unenrolled cases. Enrolled cases were slightly more likely to have private insurance at birth (p=0.08) and have mothers with at least some college education (p<0.01). Enrolled cases also tended to come from more affluent census tracts. Despite these differences, our best predictive model for enrolment yielded a concordance statistic of only 0.703, indicating mediocre predictive value. Variables retained in the final model were assessed for effect measure modification, and none were found to be significant modifiers of vaccine effectiveness.

conclusionsWe conclude that although enrolled cases are somewhat more affluent than unenrolled cases, our estimates are externally valid with respect to socioeconomic status. Our analysis provides evidence that this study design can yield valid estimates and the assessing generalisability of observational data is feasible, even when unenrolled individuals cannot be contacted.

Indexed as

Pneumococcal VaccinesSocial ClassVaccination CoverageVaccines, ConjugateCase-Control StudiesChild, PreschoolEducational StatusHumansImmunization ScheduleInfantInsurance, HealthOutcome Assessment, Health CareParentsPneumococcal InfectionsReproducibility of ResultsResidence CharacteristicsPneumococcal VaccinesVaccines, Conjugateexternal validitygeneralisabilitymatched case controlpneumococcussocioeconomic statusvaccine effectiveness

Identifiers

PMID28851801
PMCPMC5724195

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.