ArticlePloS one2017
Association between statin use, the vaginal microbiome, and Gardnerella vaginalis vaginolysin-mediated cytotoxicity.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 21 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut bacterial microbiome composition and statin intake-A systematic review.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2020Pooled it
- Safety and Efficacy of a Novel Vaginal Anti-infective, TOL-463, in the Treatment of Bacterial Vaginosis and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Randomized, Single-blind, Phase 2, Controlled Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Gardnerella enrichment in the vaginal microbiome of women with gestational diabetes mellitus is associated with lower fetal birthweight percentiles.Diabetologia · 2026Observational
- Advances in Research on the Relationship between Vaginal Microbiota and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Gynecological Diseases.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Roles of the Microbiota of the Female Reproductive Tract in Gynecological and Reproductive Health.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2022Review
- Antimicrobial activity of bovine lactoferrin againstFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Bisphosphonate inhibitors of squalene synthase protect cells against cholesterol-dependent cytolysins.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2021Article
- Genome Investigation of UrinarymSphere · 2021Article
- Sequence Comparison of Vaginolysin from DifferentPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Characterization of Vaginal Microbiota in Women With Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion That Can Be Modified by Drug Treatment.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Article
- Prospects of NSAIDs administration as double-edged agents against endometrial cancer and pathological species of the uterine microbiome.Cancer biology & therapy · 2020Review
- Impact of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Dual Infection on Female Genital Tract Mucosal Immunity and the Vaginal Microbiome.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Unveiling the role of Gardnerella vaginalis in polymicrobial Bacterial Vaginosis biofilms: the impact of other vaginal pathogens living as neighbors.The ISME journal · 2019Article
- Interaction of Gardnerella vaginalis and Vaginolysin with the Apical versus Basolateral Face of a Three-Dimensional Model of Vaginal Epithelium.Infection and immunity · 2019Article
- Prevalence of vaginolysin, sialidase and phospholipase genes inMedical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBacterial vaginosis (BV) is the leading dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome. The pathways leading towards the development of BV are not well understood. Gardnerella vaginalis is frequently associated with BV. G. vaginalis produces the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC), vaginolysin, which can lyse a variety of human cells and is thought to play a role in pathogenesis. Because membrane cholesterol is required for vaginolysin to function, and because HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) affect not only serum levels of cholesterol but membrane levels as well, we hypothesized that statins might affect the vaginal microbiome.
methodsTo investigate the relationship between use of the statins and the vaginal microbiome, we analyzed 16S rRNA gene taxonomic surveys performed on vaginal samples from 133 women who participated in the Vaginal Human Microbiome Project and who were taking statins at the time of sampling, 152 women who reported high cholesterol levels but were not taking statins, and 316 women who did not report high cholesterol. To examine the effect of statins on the cytolytic effect of vaginolysin, the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) produced by Gardnerella vaginalis, we assessed the effect of simvastatin pretreatment of VK2E6/E7 vaginal epithelial cells on vaginolysin-mediated cytotoxicity.
resultsThe mean proportion of G. vaginalis among women taking statins was significantly lower relative to women not using statins. Women using statins had higher mean proportions of Lactobacillus crispatus relative to women with normal cholesterol levels, and higher levels of Lactobacillus jensenii relative to women with high cholesterol but not taking statins. In vitro, vaginal epithelial cells pretreated with simvastatin were relatively resistant to vaginolysin and this effect was inhibited by cholesterol.
conclusionsIn this cross-sectional study, statin use was associated with reduced proportions of G. vaginalis and greater proportions of beneficial lactobacilli within the vaginal microbiome. The negative association between statin use and G. vaginalis may be related to inhibition of vaginolysin function.
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Registered trials
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