ArticlePsychiatry investigation2017
Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder and Hwa-byung in the General Korean Population.
Article in Psychiatry investigation, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- How Suppressed Anger Can Become an Illness: A Qualitative Systematic Review of the Experiences and Perspectives of Hwabyung Patients in Korea.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Comparison of Neurophysiological Characteristics Using Heart Rate Variability Between Patients With Korean Hwa-byung and Healthy Individuals.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Embitterment symptoms and comorbid psychopathology in an anxiety outpatient clinic: frequency, clinical distribution, and psychosocial correlates.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The Moderating Effect of Resilience on the Relationship Between the Relevance to Victims With Post-Trauma Psychiatric Symptoms of Community Residents After Seoul Halloween Crowd Crush.Psychiatry investigation · 2024Article
- Embitterment in Vietnam War Veterans Predicted by Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.Psychiatry investigation · 2024Article
- Why "Suicide CARE" Is Required for North Korean Defectors in South Korean Society?Psychiatry investigation · 2023Article
- The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder and Stress, Depression, Self-Esteem, Impulsiveness, and Suicidal Ideation in Korea Soldiers in the Local Area.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivePosttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) is characterized by states of "embitterment", characteristically similar to "Hwa-byung", which is a Korean culture-bound syndrome. The present study aimed to assess diagnostic relationships between PTED and Hwa-byung.
methodsA total of 290 participants completed our survey. PTED and Hwa-byung were diagnosed using a diagnostic interview and scale. Scales for depression, suicide ideation, and anger were used for evaluation. Fisher's exact tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to evaluate diagnostic overlap between PTED and Hwa-byung, and associations of scale scores for depression, suicide ideation, and anger between the PTED, Hwa-byung, and non-diagnosed groups. Associations of these scales between the depressive and non-depressive groups, and suicidal and non-suicidal groups were also evaluated.
resultsAmong the participants, 1.7% of the sample fit the diagnostic criteria for PTED and 2.1% fit the criteria for Hwa-byung. No individual fit the criteria for both. Anger scores were significantly higher in the Hwa-byung group than in the non-diagnostic group. There were not any significant differences in anger scores between the PTED and non-diagnostic groups. Depression scores were significantly higher in the PTED than in the non-diagnostic groups. In contrast, no significant differences were observed between depression scores in the Hwa-byung and non-diagnostic groups.
conclusionThese results suggest that PTED may be a disorder category that is distinct from Hwa-byung.
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