Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28843917›Full record

ArticleJournal of affective disorders2018

Subjective versus objective evening chronotypes in bipolar disorder.

Anda Gershon, Christopher N Kaufmann, Colin A Depp, Shefali Miller, Dennis Do, Jamie M Zeitzer, Terence A Ketter

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
19citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Role of chronotype in depression.World journal of psychiatry · 2025
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disorder in Bipolar Affective Disorder.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2021
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Chronotype and Mental Health: Recent Advances.Current psychiatry reports · 2018
    Review
  19. Chronotype and Psychiatric Disorders.Current sleep medicine reports · 2018
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Anda GershonDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, United States. Electronic address: gershon@stanford.edu.
Christopher N KaufmannDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States.
Colin A DeppDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, United States.
Shefali MillerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, United States.
Dennis DoDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, United States.
Jamie M ZeitzerDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, United States.
Terence A KetterDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, United States.

Funding

FELLOWSHIP IN GERIATRIC MENTAL HEALTHT32MH019934 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Elizabeth W Twamley · 1994 to 2026
$9.5M
Sleep and Circadian Dysregulation in Pediatric Bipolar DisorderK01MH100433 · NIMH · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI GERSHON, ANDA · 2014 to 2017
$723k
A mechanism of sleep disturbance in bipolar disorderF32MH076339 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI GERSHON, ANDA · 2007 to 2009
$148k
NIMH NIH HHS F32 MH076339NIMH NIH HHS K01 MH100433NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH019934
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDisturbed sleep timing is common in bipolar disorder (BD). However, most research is based upon self-reports. We examined relationships between subjective versus objective assessments of sleep timing in BD patients versus controls.

methodsWe studied 61 individuals with bipolar I or II disorder and 61 healthy controls. Structured clinical interviews assessed psychiatric diagnoses, and clinician-administered scales assessed current mood symptom severity. For subjective chronotype, we used the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) questionnaire, using original and modified (1, ¾, ⅔, and ½ SD below mean CSM score) thresholds to define evening chronotype. Objective chronotype was calculated as the percentage of nights (50%, 66.7%, 75%, or 90% of all nights) with sleep interval midpoints at or before (non-evening chronotype) vs. after (evening chronotype) 04:15:00 (4:15:00a.m.), based on 25-50 days of continuous actigraph data.

resultsBD participants and controls differed significantly with respect to CSM mean scores and CSM evening chronotypes using modified, but not original, thresholds. Groups also differed significantly with respect to chronotype based on sleep interval midpoint means, and based on the threshold of 75% of sleep intervals with midpoints after 04:15:00. Subjective and objective chronotypes correlated significantly with one another. Twenty-one consecutive intervals were needed to yield an evening chronotype classification match of ≥ 95% with that made using the 75% of sleep intervals threshold. LIMITATIONS: Limited sample size/generalizability.

conclusionsSubjective and objective chronotype measurements were correlated with one another in participants with BD. Using population-specific thresholds, participants with BD had a later chronotype than controls.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAffectBipolar DisorderChronobiology DisordersCircadian RhythmFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSelf ReportSleepSleep Wake DisordersSurveys and QuestionnairesYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID28843917
PMCPMC5626649

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.