ArticleScientific reports2017
Hypermasculinised facial morphology in boys and girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder and its association with symptomatology.
Article in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- First Impressions Towards Autistic People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Pooled it
- Measuring sexual dimorphism in human faces.Journal of anatomy · 2026Article
- The prenatal sex steroid theory of autism after 25 years.Nature human behaviour · 2026Review
- Body mass index is an overlooked confounding factor in existing clustering studies of 3D facial scans of children with autism spectrum disorder.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Cranio-Facial Characteristics in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Early-Career Autism Researchers Are Shifting Their Research Directions: Tragedy or Opportunity?Autism in adulthood · 2023Article
- Prenatal Sex Hormone Exposure Is Associated with the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- An investigation of a novel broad autism phenotype: increased facial masculinity among parents of children on the autism spectrum.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- Is there an association between prenatal testosterone and autistic traits in adolescents?Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2022Article
- Deep Learning Approach for Screening Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children with Facial Images and Analysis of Ethnoracial Factors in Model Development and Application.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Maternal steroid levels and the autistic traits of the mother and infant.Molecular autism · 2021Article
- Genetic and morphological estimates of androgen exposure predict social deficits in multiple neurodevelopmental disorder cohorts.Molecular autism · 2021Article
- Foetal oestrogens and autism.Molecular psychiatry · 2020Article
- A broad autism phenotype expressed in facial morphology.Translational psychiatry · 2020Article
- Coupling of autism genes to tissue-wide expression and dysfunction of synapse, calcium signalling and transcriptional regulation.PloS one · 2020Article
- Sex Differences in Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Cerebellum in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Elevated prenatal testosterone exposure has been associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and facial masculinity. By employing three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry, the current study investigated whether prepubescent boys and girls with ASD present increased facial masculinity compared to typically-developing controls. There were two phases to this research. 3D facial images were obtained from a normative sample of 48 boys and 53 girls (3.01-12.44 years old) to determine typical facial masculinity/femininity. The sexually dimorphic features were used to create a continuous 'gender score', indexing degree of facial masculinity. Gender scores based on 3D facial images were then compared for 54 autistic and 54 control boys (3.01-12.52 years old), and also for 20 autistic and 60 control girls (4.24-11.78 years). For each sex, increased facial masculinity was observed in the ASD group relative to control group. Further analyses revealed that increased facial masculinity in the ASD group correlated with more social-communication difficulties based on the Social Affect score derived from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale-Generic (ADOS-G). There was no association between facial masculinity and the derived Restricted and Repetitive Behaviours score. This is the first study demonstrating facial hypermasculinisation in ASD and its relationship to social-communication difficulties in prepubescent children.
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