ArticleEpidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)2017
Doubly Robust Additive Hazards Models to Estimate Effects of a Continuous Exposure on Survival.
Article in Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Wildfire smoke PMScience advances · 2026Article
- Impact of Clonorchis sinensis infection on long-term survival after curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter cohort study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Causal Concentration-Response Modeling with Continuous Curves and Exposure Error Correction:Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- The effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on incident mental disorders among patients with prediabetes and diabetes: Findings from a large prospective cohort.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- The effect of long-term exposure to air pollution and seasonal temperature on hospital admissions with cardiovascular and respiratory disease in the United States: A difference-in-differences analysis.The Science of the total environment · 2022Article
- Article
- A self-controlled approach to survival analysis, with application to air pollution and mortality.Environment international · 2021Article
- Long-term effect of exposure to lower concentrations of air pollution on mortality among US Medicare participants and vulnerable subgroups: a doubly-robust approach.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2021Article
- A Direct Estimate of the Impact of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 Exposure on Life Expectancy Using Propensity Scores.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2021Article
- A national difference in differences analysis of the effect of PMEnvironmental research · 2021Article
- Assessing additive effects of air pollutants on mortality rate in Massachusetts.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2021Article
- Causal Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality Rate in Massachusetts.American journal of epidemiology · 2020Article
- The association between long-term exposure to low-level PM2.5 and mortality in the state of Queensland, Australia: A modelling study with the difference-in-differences approach.PLoS medicine · 2020Article
- Estimating long-term pollution exposure effects through inverse probability weighting methods with Cox proportional hazards models.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2020Article
- Later-Life Exposure to Moderate PMInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Article
- Estimating the causal effect of annual PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2019Article
- On doubly robust estimation of the hazard difference.Biometrics · 2019Article
- Estimating the Effects of PMEnvironmental health perspectives · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe effect of an exposure on survival can be biased when the regression model is misspecified. Hazard difference is easier to use in risk assessment than hazard ratio and has a clearer interpretation in the assessment of effect modifications.
methodsWe proposed two doubly robust additive hazards models to estimate the causal hazard difference of a continuous exposure on survival. The first model is an inverse probability-weighted additive hazards regression. The second model is an extension of the doubly robust estimator for binary exposures by categorizing the continuous exposure. We compared these with the marginal structural model and outcome regression with correct and incorrect model specifications using simulations. We applied doubly robust additive hazard models to the estimation of hazard difference of long-term exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microns) on survival using a large cohort of 13 million older adults residing in seven states of the Southeastern United States.
resultsWe showed that the proposed approaches are doubly robust. We found that each 1 μg m increase in annual PM2.5 exposure was associated with a causal hazard difference in mortality of 8.0 × 10 (95% confidence interval 7.4 × 10, 8.7 × 10), which was modified by age, medical history, socioeconomic status, and urbanicity. The overall hazard difference translates to approximately 5.5 (5.1, 6.0) thousand deaths per year in the study population.
conclusionsThe proposed approaches improve the robustness of the additive hazards model and produce a novel additive causal estimate of PM2.5 on survival and several additive effect modifications, including social inequality.
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