Comparison of the efficacy of azathioprine and rituximab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomized clinical trial.

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) often follows a relapsing course. As disability in NMOSD is attack-related, effective treatments are needed. We aimed to compare the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) and rituximab (RIT) as maintenance therapy in NMOSD patients. An open, randomized clinical trial was conducted during September 2015 to December 2016, in Isfahan, Iran. Initially, 100 NMOSD patients were approached, 86 entered the study, and 68 cases completed the trial. All patients had a relapsing-remitting course with expanded disability extended scale (EDSS) ≤7 (median 2.75, range = 0-7). Patients were randomized into two groups, which did not differ according to age, gender distribution, and disease duration. In the AZA group, 35 patients [20 aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG positive] were started on 50 mg/day oral AZA and increased to 2-3 mg/kg/day (with oral prednisolone as adjunctive therapy). In the RIT group, 33 patients (13 aquaporin-4-IgG positive) received 1 g intravenous rituximab and repeated 2 weeks later and then every 6 months. Annualized relapse rate (ARR) was measured as the primary outcome and EDSS as the secondary outcome after 12 months of intervention. The mean ARR [standard deviation (SD)] in the AZA group decreased from 1 (0.38) to 0.51 (0.55) (P value <0.001) and in the RIT group decreased from 1.30 (0.68) to 0.21 (0.42) (P value <0.001). ARR after intervention minus ARR before intervention [mean (SD)] was 1.09 (0.72) in RIT group and 0.49 (0.59) in AZA group (P value <0.001). EDSS after intervention minus EDSS before intervention [mean (SD)] was 0.98 (1.14) in RIT group and 0.44 (0.54) in AZA group (P value <0.001). Nineteen patients (54.3%) in AZA group and 26 patients (78.8%) in RIT group became relapse-free after intervention (P value = 0.033). AZA and RIT can both effectively decrease ARR and EDSS in NMOSD patients. RIT was significantly more effective than AZA treatment. Trial Registration Name of registry: clinicaltrials.gov; ID: NCT03002038; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03002038 .