Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28827236›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2017

Longitudinal and secular trends in total cholesterol levels and impact of lipid-lowering drug use among Norwegian women and men born in 1905-1977 in the population-based Tromsø Study 1979-2016.

Laila Arnesdatter Hopstock, Kaare Harald Bønaa, Anne Elise Eggen, Sameline Grimsgaard, Bjarne K Jacobsen, Maja-Lisa Løchen, Ellisiv B Mathiesen, Inger Njølstad, Tom Wilsgaard

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
29citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 5% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.

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  17. Lipid reference values in an Irish population.Irish journal of medical science · 2021
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Laila Arnesdatter HopstockDepartment of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Kaare Harald BønaaDepartment of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Anne Elise EggenDepartment of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Sameline GrimsgaardDepartment of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Bjarne K JacobsenDepartment of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Maja-Lisa LøchenDepartment of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Ellisiv B MathiesenDepartment of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Inger NjølstadDepartment of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Tom WilsgaardDepartment of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate · NOUiT The Arctic University of Norway · NO

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesElevated blood cholesterol is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol level surveillance is necessary to study population disease burden, consider priorities for prevention and intervention and understand the effect of diet, lifestyle and treatment. Previous studies show a cholesterol decline in recent decades but lack data to follow individuals born in different decades throughout life.

methodsWe investigated changes in age-specific and birth cohort-specific total cholesterol (TC) levels in 43 710 women and men born in 1905-1977 (aged 20-95 years at screening) in the population-based Tromsø Study. Fifty-nine per cent of the participants had more than one and up to six repeated TC measurements during 1979-2016. Linear mixed models were used to test for time trends.

resultsMean TC decreased during 1979-2016 in both women and men and in all age groups. The decrease in TC in age group 40-49 years was 1.2 mmol/L in women and 1.0 mmol/L in men. Both the 80th and the 20th percentile of the population TC distribution decreased in both sexes and all age groups. Longitudinal analysis showed that TC increased with age to a peak around middle age followed by a decrease. At any given age, TC significantly decreased with increase in year born. Lipid-lowering drug use was rare in 1994, increased thereafter, but was low (<3% in women and <5% in men) among those younger than 50 years in all surveys. Between 1994 and 2016, lipid-lowering drug treatment in individuals 50 years and older explained 21% and 28% of the decrease in TC levels in women and men, respectively.

conclusionsWe found a substantial decrease in mean TC levels in the general population between 1979 and 2016 in all age groups. In birth cohorts, TC increased with age to a peak around middle age followed by a decrease.

Indexed as

AdultAgedAged, 80 and overAge DistributionCardiovascular DiseasesCholesterolFemaleHumansHypolipidemic AgentsLife StyleLinear ModelsLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedNorwayRisk FactorsCholesterolHypolipidemic Agentsanticholesterolemic agentscholesterolcohort studiesepidemiologylipidslongitudinal studies

Identifiers

PMID28827236
PMCPMC5724161
OpenAlexW2750345637

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.