ArticleCytokine2017
The synergistic effects of combining TLR ligand based adjuvants on the cytokine response are dependent upon p38/JNK signalling.
Article in Cytokine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Optimizing an avian influenza vaccine using a novel Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry (BECC) TLR4 adjuvant.mSphere · 2026Article
- Review
- In silico design and characterization of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine candidate against Streptococcus pneumoniae.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA platforms for mucosal HIV vaccines: formulation advances, immune mechanisms, and translational pathways.Archives of microbiology · 2025Review
- Immuno-functionomics reveals geographical variation and a role for TLR8 in mRNA vaccine responses.iScience · 2025Article
- Mincle receptor agonist UM-1098 and TLR4 agonist INI-2002 combination adjuvant enhances Th1 responses and provides protection againstVaccine: X · 2025Article
- Novel bioinformatics approaches to design epitope-based vaccine against HIV latency by inquiring CTL epitopes and built-in adjuvants.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluating Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid as an Adjuvant for Influenza Vaccines in Mice.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
- Thrombocytopenia in Sepsis.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Combined TLR2/TLR4 activation equip non-mucosal dendritic cells to prime Th1 cells with gut tropism.iScience · 2024Article
- Perspective view of allogeneic IgG tumor immunotherapy.Cancer cell international · 2024Review
- Formulation, inflammation, and RNA sensing impact the immunogenicity of self-amplifying RNA vaccines.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Onco-immunomodulatory properties of pharmacological interference with RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway hyperactivation.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Macrophage-stroma interactions in fibrosis: biochemical, biophysical, and cellular perspectives.The Journal of pathology · 2021Review
- Dendritic Cell Tumor Vaccination via Fc Gamma Receptor Targeting: Lessons Learned from Pre-Clinical and Translational Studies.Vaccines · 2021Review
- Synergistic Activation of Toll-Like and NOD Receptors by Complementary Antigens as Facilitators of Autoimmune Disease: Review, Model and Novel Predictions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Inhibition of Poly(I:C)-Induced Inflammation by Salvianolic Acid A in Skin Keratinocytes.Annals of dermatology · 2019Article
- Diminished HIV Infection of Target CD4+ T Cells in a Toll-Like Receptor 4 StimulatedFrontiers in immunology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Toll like receptor (TLR) ligands are important adjuvant candidates, causing antigen presenting cells to release inflammatory mediators, leading to the recruitment and activation of other leukocytes. The aim of this study was to define the response of human blood derived dendritic cells and macrophages to three TLR ligands acting singly or in combination, Poly I:C (TLR3), GLA (TLR4) and R848 (TLR7/8). Combinations of TLR agonists have been shown to have a synergistic effect on individual cytokines, here we look at the global inflammatory response measuring both cytokines and chemokines. Using a custom Luminex assay we saw dose responses in several mediators including CCL3 (MIP1α), IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, CXCL10 (IP-10) and IL-6, all of which were significantly increased by the combination of R848 and GLA, even when low dose GLA was added. The synergistic effect was inhibited by specific MAP kinase inhibitors blocking the kinases p38 and JNK but not MEK1. Combining TLR adjuvants also had a synergistic effect on cytokine responses in human mucosal tissue explants. From this we conclude that the combination of R848 and GLA potentiates the inflammatory profile of antigen presenting cells. Since the pattern of inflammatory mediators released can alter the quality and quantity of the adaptive immune response to vaccination, this study informs vaccine adjuvant design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.