ReviewFrontiers in microbiology2017
The Importance of the Expendable: Toxin-Antitoxin Genes in Plasmids and Chromosomes.
Review in Frontiers in microbiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Whole Genome Characterisation of Non-O1/Non-O139Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Expanded Functional Characterization and Optimization of Protein Expression in Treponema denticola Shuttle Plasmids.Molecular oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Widespread macrolide resistance among rapidly growing mycobacteria due to plasmids containing erm(55).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The HicAB System: Characteristics and Biological Roles of an Underappreciated Toxin-Antitoxin System.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Deciphering the role of VapBC13 and VapBC26 toxin antitoxin systems in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Genomic exploration of the fermented meat isolate Staphylococcus shinii IMDO-S216 with a focus on competitiveness-enhancing secondary metabolites.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Plasmid-free cheater cells commonly evolve during laboratory growth.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- PemK's Arg24 is a crucial residue for PemIK toxin-antitoxin system to induce the persistence ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- One Earth: The Equilibrium between the Human and the Bacterial Worlds.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Type II bacterial toxin-antitoxins: hypotheses, facts, and the newfound plethora of the PezAT system.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2023Article
- Trimethoprim resistance in surface and wastewater is mediated by contrasting variants of the dfrB gene.The ISME journal · 2023Article
- A self-transmissible plasmid from a hyperthermophile that facilitates genetic modification of diverse Archaea.Nature microbiology · 2023Article
- Genomic Study of Chromosomally and Plasmid-Mediated Multidrug Resistance and Virulence Determinants in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolates Obtained from a Tertiary Hospital in Al-Kharj, KSA.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- TheIUCrJ · 2022Article
- ISMicrobial genomics · 2022Article
- Evolution of Plasmid Mobility: Origin and Fate of Conjugative and Nonconjugative Plasmids.Molecular biology and evolution · 2022Article
- Functional characterization of HigBA toxin-antitoxin system in an Arctic bacterium, Bosea sp. PAMC 26642.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2022Article
- Submarine Outfalls of Treated Wastewater Effluents are Sources of Extensively- and Multidrug-Resistant KPC- and OXA-48-ProducingFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules: classification, functions, and association with persistence.Current research in microbial sciences · 2021Review
- Directed Recovery and Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids from Cheese Bacteria.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) genes were first reported in plasmids and were considered expendable genetic cassettes involved in the stable maintenance of the plasmid replicon by interfering with growth and/or viability of bacteria in which the plasmid was lost. TAs were later found in bacterial chromosomes and also in integrated mobile genetic elements; they were proposed to be involved in the bacterial response to stressful situations. At present, 100s of TAs have been identified and classified in up to six families (I to VI), with those belonging to the type II (constituted by two protein components) being the most studied. Based on well-characterized examples of several type II TAs, we discuss in this review that irrespective of their locations in plasmids or chromosomes, TAs functionally overlap as indicated by: (i) in both locations they can mediate the maintenance of genetic elements to which they are physical linked, and (ii) they can induce persistence or virulence in response to stress situations. Examples of functional confluences in homologous TA systems with different locations are also given. We also consider whether the physiological role of TAs is due to their genetic organization as operons or to their inherent properties, like the short lifespan of the antitoxin component.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.