ArticleJournal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology2017
Mediation analysis with time varying exposures and mediators.
Article in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05723653 (Harnessing Social Network Support to Improve Retention in Care and Viral Suppression Among People Living With HIV in Chicago and Alabama), which is not on this map. Cited by 123 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Harnessing Social Network Support to Improve Retention in Care and Viral Suppression Among People Living With HIV in Chicago and Alabama: A Hybrid Type I Effectiveness-implementation Trial
Who cites it
123 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Observational studies of early versus late salvage therapies in critical care exhibit intrinsic selection bias: two meta-analyses.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Potential Mediators for Treatment Effects of Novel Diabetes Medications on Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes: A Meta-Regression Analysis.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2024Pooled it
- What are the pathways between poverty and malaria in sub-Saharan Africa? A systematic review of mediation studies.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Pooled it
- Beneficial effects of the rapid vs. standard procedure for injection naltrexone initiation operate through increased adjunctive medication use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- The renoprotective effect of esaxerenone independent of blood pressure lowering: a post hoc mediation analysis of the ESAX-DN trial.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2023Trial
- Mediation effects that emulate a target randomised trial: Simulation-based evaluation of ill-defined interventions on multiple mediators.Statistical methods in medical research · 2021Trial
- Helped into Harm: Mediation of a Housing Voucher Intervention on Mental Health and Substance Use in Boys.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2021Trial
- Mediation of Neighborhood Effects on Adolescent Substance Use by the School and Peer Environments.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2018Trial
- Mild Cognitive Impairment, Religiosity, Spirituality and all-Cause Mortality Among Chinese Older Adults in Ethnic Minority Communities.Journal of religion and health · 2026Article
- School Exclusion as a Partial Mediator Between Autism and Adolescent Mental Health.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Loneliness and desire for thinness explain sex differences in adolescent internalizing problems.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Association Between Sedentary Behavior and the Development of New-Onset Chronic Pain in Older American Adults: Insights From the Health and Retirement Study.American journal of health promotion : AJHP · 2026Article
- Interconnected effects of witnessing household violence, food insecurity, and mental health among peri-urban Cape Town youth: A mediation analysis.Journal of child and adolescent mental health · 2026Article
- The associations of childhood and adolescence psychosocial risks with social relations in midlife.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A Causal Framework for Evaluating the Total Effect of Strategies Aiming to Expand Screening and to Improve Outcomes.Statistics in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Inflammatory Biomarkers as Mediators of the Effect Between High-Dose Corticosteroid Therapy and Mortality in COVID-19-Related ARDS: A Causal Mediation Analysis.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Article
- A multi-omics framework for survival mediation analysis of high-dimensional proteogenomic data.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Mediation analysis in longitudinal intervention studies with an ordinal treatment-dependent confounder.Statistical methods in medical research · 2026Article
- A comparison and evaluation of statistical methods for mediation analysis with mixtures of environmental exposures.BMC medical research methodology · 2026Article
63 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In this paper we consider causal mediation analysis when exposures and mediators vary over time. We give non-parametric identification results, discuss parametric implementation, and also provide a weighting approach to direct and indirect effects based on combining the results of two marginal structural models. We also discuss how our results give rise to a causal interpretation of the effect estimates produced from longitudinal structural equation models. When there are time-varying confounders affected by prior exposure and mediator, natural direct and indirect effects are not identified. However, we define a randomized interventional analogue of natural direct and indirect effects that are identified in this setting. The formula that identifies these effects we refer to as the "mediational g-formula." When there is no mediation, the mediational g-formula reduces to Robins' regular g-formula for longitudinal data. When there are no time-varying confounders affected by prior exposure and mediator values, then the mediational g-formula reduces to a longitudinal version of Pearl's mediation formula. However, the mediational g-formula itself can accommodate both mediation and time-varying confounders and constitutes a general approach to mediation analysis with time-varying exposures and mediators.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.