ArticleEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry2018
Potential for diagnosis versus therapy monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a new epigenetic biomarker interacting with both genotype and auto-immunity.
Article in European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between DNA methylation and ADHD symptoms from birth to school age: a prospective meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- The interplay between recovery and immunity in infectious and non-communicable diseases.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- A simple and efficient method for the robust expansion of human ILC2s to prevent acute GVHD.Blood advances · 2025Article
- The Multidimensional Dynamic Feedback Model: A Comprehensive Framework for Understanding and Managing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Assessing the Causal Relationship Between Various Immune Cells and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Mendelian Randomization Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Dopamine and Serotonin Transporter Genes Regulation in Highly Sensitive Individuals during Stressful Conditions: A Focus on Genetics and Epigenetics.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Mild internet use is associated with epigenetic alterations of key neurotransmission genes in salivary DNA of young university students.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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- Article
- Review
- Methylation Dynamics on 5'-UTR ofChildren (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- DNA methylation is associated with prenatal exposure to sulfur dioxide and childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Can biomarkers be used to diagnose attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Review
- Sex Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Key Role for the Immune System.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2023Article
- Epigenetics and ADHD.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022Article
- Animal Models of ADHD?Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2022Article
- DNA Methylation and Allelic Polymorphism at the Dopamine Transporter Promoter Affect Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Preschoolers.Child psychiatry and human development · 2021Article
- Association of norepinephrine transporter methylation with in vivo NET expression and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms in ADHD measured with PET.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Article
- DAT1 and Its Psychological Correlates in Children with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
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Abstract
In view of the need for easily accessible biomarkers, we evaluated in ADHD children the epigenetic status of the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) in the SLC6A3 gene, coding for human dopamine transporter (DAT). We analysed buccal swabs and sera from 30 children who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD, assigned to treatment according to severity. Methylation levels at six-selected CpG sites (among which, a CGGCGGCGG and a CGCG motif), alone or in combination with serum titers in auto-antibodies against dopamine transporter (DAT aAbs), were analysed for correlation with CGAS scores (by clinicians) and Conners' scales (by parents), collected at recruitment and after 6 weeks. In addition, we characterized the DAT genotype, i.e., the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms at the 3'-UTR of the gene. DAT methylation levels were greatly reduced in ADHD patients compared to control, healthy children. Within patients carrying at least one DAT 9 allele (DAT 9/x), methylation at positions CpG2 and/or CpG6 correlated with recovery, as evident from delta-CGAS scores as well as delta Conners' scales ('inattentive' and 'hyperactive' subscales). Moreover, hypermethylation at CpG1 position denoted severity, specifically for those patients carrying a DAT 10/10 genotype. Intriguingly, high serum DAT-aAbs titers appeared to corroborate indications from high CpG1 versus high CpG2/CpG6 levels, likewise denoting severity versus recovery in DAT 10/10 versus 9/x patients, respectively. These profiles suggest that DAT 5'UTR epigenetics plus serum aAbs can serve as suitable biomarkers, to confirm ADHD diagnosis and/or to predict the efficacy of treatment.
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Registered trials
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