Trial reportBMJ open2017
WHISPER or SHOUT study: protocol of a cluster-randomised controlled trial assessing mHealth sexual reproductive health and nutrition interventions among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya.
Trial report in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Family planning use and correlates among female sex workers in a community empowerment HIV prevention intervention in Iringa, Tanzania: a case for tailored programming.BMC public health · 2021Trial
- Prevalence of pregnancy, unintended pregnancy, poor pregnancy outcome and its associated factors among female sex workers in Cameroon.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Children Tuberculosis in Southeast Asia Countries: A Systematic Review.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2024Review
- Digital Health App to Address Disparate HIV Outcomes Among Black Women Living in Metro-Atlanta: Protocol for a Multiphase, Mixed Methods Pilot Feasibility Study.JMIR research protocols · 2023Article
- Using social practice theory in measuring perceived stigma among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Longitudinal study of pregnancy intention and its association with pregnancy occurrence among female sex workers in Benin and Mali.Reproductive health · 2023Article
- Information and communications technology use to prevent and respond to sexual and gender-based violence in low- and middle-income countries: An evidence and gap map.Campbell systematic reviews · 2022Article
- Developing a Consensus for Adolescent and Young Adult mHealth HIV Prevention Interventions in the United States: A Delphi Method Study.JMIR formative research · 2022Article
- Formative Study of Mobile Phone Use for Family Planning Among Young People in Sierra Leone: Global Systematic Survey.JMIR formative research · 2021Article
- The Use of Information and Communication Technologies by Sex Workers to Manage Occupational Health and Safety: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2021Article
- Fulfilling the promise of digital health interventions (DHI) to promote women's sexual, reproductive and mental health in the aftermath of COVID-19.Reproductive health · 2021Article
- Gender differences in HIV testing service visits and its related factors among adults: a cross-sectional study in Homa Bay, Kenya.The Pan African medical journal · 2021Article
- A Mobile Phone-Based Sexual and Reproductive Health Intervention for Female Sex Workers in Kenya: Development and Qualitative Study.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2020Article
- Using Digital Technology for Sexual and Reproductive Health: Are Programs Adequately Considering Risk?Global health, science and practice · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionNew interventions are required to reduce unintended pregnancies among female sex workers (FSWs) in low- and middle-income countries and to improve their nutritional health. Given sex workers' high mobile phone usage, repeated exposure to short messaging service (SMS) messages could address individual and interpersonal barriers to contraceptive uptake and better nutrition.
methodsIn this two-arm cluster randomised trial, each arm constitutes an equal-attention control group for the other. SMS messages were developed systematically, participatory and theory-driven and cover either sexual and reproductive health (WHISPER) or nutrition (SHOUT). Messages are sent to participants 2-3 times/week for 12 months and include fact-based and motivational content as well as role model stories. Participants can send reply texts to obtain additional information. Sex work venues (clusters) in Mombasa, Kenya, were randomly sampled with a probability proportionate to venue size. Up to 10 women were recruited from each venue to enrol 860 women. FSWs aged 16-35 years, who owned a mobile phone and were not pregnant at enrolment were eligible. Structured questionnaires, pregnancy tests, HIV and syphilis rapid tests and full blood counts were performed at enrolment, with subsequent visits at 6 and 12 months. ANALYSIS: The primary outcomes of WHISPER and SHOUT are unintended pregnancy incidence and prevalence of anaemia at 12 months, respectively. Each will be compared between study groups using discrete-time survival analysis. POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS: Contamination may occur if participants discuss their intervention with those in the other trial arm. This is mitigated by cluster recruitment and only sampling a small proportion of sex work venues from the sampling frame.
conclusionsThe design allows for the simultaneous testing of two independent mHealth interventions for which messaging frequency and study procedures are identical. This trial may guide future mHealth initiatives and provide methodological insights into use of reciprocal control groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12616000852459; Pre-results.
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