ArticleAddiction & health2016
The Effects of Opium Addiction on the Immune System Function in Patients with Fungal Infection.
Article in Addiction & health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- The significant impact of opium use on various types of cancer: an updated - systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Potential Effects of Opium on Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Coronary Artery Disease by Interfering with Anti-inflammatory Drugs.Current molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Investigating the relationship between opium use and coronary slow flow: a propensity score matched case-control study.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Localized Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in a malnourished, non-HIV-infected man in the absence of any established or diagnosed immunosuppressive condition: a case report.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2024Article
- Exploring the diversity of uncommon oral yeast species and associated risk factors among substance abusers in southwestern Iran.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran.BMC oral health · 2023Article
- Sero-molecular survey on Toxoplasma gondii infection among drug addicted and non-addicted individuals: a case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- The prevalence of denture stomatitis in cigarette and hookah smokers and opium addicts: findings from Rafsanjan Cohort Study.BMC oral health · 2021Article
- Effects of Morphine and Fentanyl on Patients with COVID-19.Tanaffos · 2021Article
- Integration of Molecular Inflammatory Interactome Analyses Reveals Dynamics of Circulating Cytokines and Extracellular Vesicle Long Non-Coding RNAs and mRNAs in Heroin Addicts During Acute and Protracted Withdrawal.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- A double-edged sword of using opioids and COVID-19: a toxicological view.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2020Article
- First case report of atypical disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in an opium abuser in Iran.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe use of narcotics such as opium exposes addicts as susceptible targets of different diseases so that they might easily be exposed to different diseases such as fungal infections. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of addiction to opium and fungal infection on plasma levels of certain cytokines including interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-6, IL-17, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).
methodsPresent study included 72 individuals who were divided into 4 groups: 1) opium-addicted with fungal infection; 2) opium-addicted without fungal infection; 3) non-opium-addicted with fungal infection; and 4) normal individuals (non-opium-addicted and non-fungal infection). The fungal samples, after being detected and confirmed by a physician, were prepared based on clinical symptoms and then analyzed by direct smear and culture method. The measurement of the plasma level of cytokines was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
findingsThe comparison of the mean of the plasma level of cytokines showed that addiction to opium and fungal infection had significant effect on the plasma levels of IL-17, IFN-γ, TGF-β cytokines in all studied groups. The interaction of addiction to opium and fungal infection was only significant in the case of plasma level of IL-6.
conclusionAddiction to opium and fungal infection, either separately or simultaneously, poses significant effect on the immune system and causes disorders in the cytokine network and the immune system and also provides a suitable environment for fungal infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
28819552PMC5554801W2593018911What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.