ArticleAnnals of the rheumatic diseases2017
Oral contraceptives, breastfeeding and the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis: results from the Swedish EIRA study.
Article in Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06915701 ("Evaluation of the Effect of Vitamin E), which is not on this map. Cited by 27 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
"Evaluation of the Effect of Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) Supplementation on Clinical Activity and Inflammation in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis"
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Oral Contraceptive Pill Use is Associated with Lower Levels of Plasma Calprotectin in Premenopausal Women.Frontiers in lupus · 2026Article
- Cost-effectiveness and public health impact of influenza vaccination strategies for Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Joint Tissues: Convergence and Divergence of the Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in China: Variations and trends from the global burden of disease study 2021.Rheumatology and immunology research · 2025Article
- Development and internal validation of a prediction model for rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Association Between the Use of Oral Contraceptives and the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Exploring Anticitrullinated Antibodies (ACPAs) and Serum-Derived Exosomes Cargoes.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Reproductive health and rheumatoid arthritis.BMC rheumatology · 2024Article
- Causal relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and carpal tunnel syndrome: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2024Article
- Rheumatoid Arthritis and Pregnancy: Managing Disease Activity and Fertility Concerns.Seminars in reproductive medicine · 2024Review
- Effects of oral contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective cohort study.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Rheumatoid arthritis-recent advances in pathogenesis and the anti-inflammatory effect of plant-derived COX inhibitors.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2024Review
- Article
- Overview of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Scientific Understanding of the Disease.Mediterranean journal of rheumatology · 2023Review
- Hormonal and Reproductive Factors in Relation to Cardiovascular Events in Women with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and citrullinated proteins in female reproductive physiology and associated diseases†.Biology of reproduction · 2022Review
- Global epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2022Review
- What is the impact of sex hormones on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis?Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- A Roadmap for Investigating Preclinical Autoimmunity Using Patient-Oriented and Epidemiologic Study Designs: Example of Rheumatoid Arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Age at menarche, age at natural menopause, and risk of rheumatoid arthritis - a Mendelian randomization study.Arthritis research & therapy · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo study whether oral contraceptive (OC) use or breastfeeding (BF) influence the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), stratifying the cases by presence/absence of anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA), and whether these factors interact with known risk factors in the development of ACPA-positive RA.
methodsWomen aged ≥18 years, participants in the population-based case-control Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of RA study (2641 cases/4251 controls), completed an extensive questionnaire regarding OC, BF and potential confounders. We calculated ORs, with 95% CIs, adjusted for age, residential area, smoking and alcohol consumption. Attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) was estimated to evaluate presence of interaction.
resultsCompared with never users, ever and past OC users had a decreased risk of ACPA-positive RA (OR=0.84 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.96); OR=0.83 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.95), respectively). No significant associations were found for ACPA-negative RA. Long duration of OC use (>7 years vs never use) decreased the risk of both ACPA-positive (p=0.0037) and ACPA-negative RA (p=0.0356).A history of long BF decreased the risk only of ACPA-positive RA in a dose-dependent manner (p=0.0086), but this trend did not remain after adjustments. A significant interaction was observed between the lack of OC use and smoking (AP=0.28 (95% CI 0.14-0.42)) on the risk of ACPA-positive RA. No interactions were found for BF.
conclusionsOC decreased the risk of RA, especially ACPA-positive RA, where an interaction with smoking was observed. A long duration of OC use decreased the risk of both disease subsets. We could not confirm an association between BF and a decreased risk of either ACPA-positive or ACPA-negative RA.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.