ReviewLearning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)2017
Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias.
Review in Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Fear of COVID-19, stress and depression: A meta-analytic test of the mediating role of anxiety.Psychology and psychotherapy · 2022Pooled it
- Investigating the effectiveness of ailurophobia treatment using virtual reality technique compared to metacognitive therapy: a randomized clinical trial.BMC psychology · 2025Trial
- Intermittent theta burst stimulation over the left prefrontal cortex: no additional effect for virtual reality exposure therapy in acrophobia-a randomized trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Digital Affective Resilience: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Anxiety-Related Chinese Social Media.Nursing open · 2026Observational
- Noninvasive Suppression of Responses to Threat Using Focused Ultrasonic Waves.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Amygdala and insula activation in youth with avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in response to aversive food-specific fear images.Psychological medicine · 2025Article
- Integrating Aversive Memories in the Basolateral Amygdala.Biological psychiatry · 2025Review
- A machine learning approach for detection of claustrophobic brain activity in electroencephalography.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Better Communication With the Public: Understanding Science Phobia and Mistrust as Neurobiological Phenomena.Neurology · 2025Article
- Navigating the fear: assessing nursing students' concerns and preventive practices in response to Monkeypox in Egypt.BMC nursing · 2025Article
- Advances in Neuropsychology: Top Papers Published inBrain sciences · 2024Article
- Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder: recent advances in neurobiology and treatment.Journal of eating disorders · 2024Review
- Association between resting-state connectivity patterns in the defensive system network and treatment response in spider phobia-a replication approach.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- A Smartphone-Gamified Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Augmented With Biofeedback for Ailurophobia: Development and Evaluation Study.JMIR serious games · 2024Article
- Article
- Somatization in Polypharmacy: Hiding in Plain Sight.Innovations in pharmacy · 2024Article
- Young Adults with Anxiety Disorders Show Reduced Inhibition in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex at Higher Trait Anxiety Levels: A TMS-EEG Study.Depression and anxiety · 2024Article
- The relationship of kinesiophobia in patients with lymphedema: a case-control investigation.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- An animal model of trait anxiety: Carioca high freezing rats as a model of generalized anxiety disorder.Personality neuroscience · 2024Review
- Overcoming Fear of Flying: A Combined Approach of Psychopharmacology and Gradual Exposure Therapy.Cureus · 2023Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Fear, which can be expressed innately or after conditioning, is triggered when a danger or a stimulus predicting immediate danger is perceived. Its role is to prepare the body to face this danger. However, dysfunction in fear processing can lead to psychiatric disorders in which fear outweighs the danger or possibility of harm. Although recognized as highly debilitating, pathological fear remains insufficiently treated, indicating the importance of research on fear processing. The neurobiological basis of normal and pathological fear reactions is reviewed in this article. Innate and learned fear mechanisms, particularly those involving the amygdala, are considered. These fear mechanisms are also distinguished in specific phobias, which can indeed be nonexperiential (implicating innate, learning-independent mechanisms) or experiential (implicating learning-dependent mechanisms). Poor habituation and poor extinction are presented as dysfunctional mechanisms contributing to persistence of nonexperiential and experiential phobias, respectively.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.