ArticlePloS one2017
The availability of pharmacies in the United States: 2007-2015.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07278401 (Community Pharmacies as Social Determinant of Health Navigators), which is not on this map. Cited by 104 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Community Pharmacies as Social Determinant of Health Navigators
Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Leveraging the role of community pharmacists in the prevention, surveillance, and treatment of opioid use disorders.Addiction science & clinical practice · 2019Pooled it
- Opioid treatment program and community pharmacy collaboration for methadone maintenance treatment: results from a feasibility clinical trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2022Trial
- The effect of inpatient pharmaceutical care on nephrotic syndrome patients after discharge: a randomized controlled trial.International journal of clinical pharmacy · 2020Trial
- Implementation of an academic detailing intervention to increase naloxone distribution and foster engagement in harm reduction from the community clinician.Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhATrial
- Race and Risk: Disentangling the Racialized Distribution of Neighborhood Resources and Differential Health Risks in Southern U.S. Cities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Community Pharmacy Density Across Remote, Rural, Regional and Metropolitan Areas of Australia: An Ecological Study.The Australian journal of rural health · 2026Article
- A Critical Evaluation of Contextual Factors Affecting the Implementation of Pharmacist-Led Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Scoping Narrative Hybrid Review.Preventing chronic disease · 2026Article
- Navigating Vaccines with Confidence: Assessing Current and Past Community-Based Vaccination Efforts in Rural Eastern North Carolina.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Leveraging pharmacy partnerships and Grant funding to improve access to medications for opioid use disorder.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
- Urban-rural disparities in spatiotemporal accessibility of pharmacy care: a case study of Vermont, USA.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- The PrEP Pharmacy Reach Study: Protocol for the Creation of Maps to Visualize the Impact of Expanding Access to HIV Prevention Services Through Pharmacies.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Exploring the Evolving Role of Pharmaceutical Services in Community Pharmacies: Insights from the USA, England, and Portugal.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Implementation of Medication Disposal Programs and Availability of Same-Day Naloxone at Community Pharmacies: Protocol for a Secret Shopper Caller Approach.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Preparing for pharmacy-based delivery of long-acting injectable antiretrovirals: a pre-implementation study.BMC health services research · 2025Observational
- Qualitative Analysis of Test-to-Treat Benefits and Barriers for Pharmacists in Rural Washington State.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Innovation in Providing Equitable Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Services in the United States: Expanding Access in Nontraditional Settings.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2025Article
- Pharmacoequity measurement framework: A tool to reduce health disparities.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2025Article
- Community pharmacy density at national and subnational levels in New Zealand.Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · 2025Article
- Pharmacist-assessed medication adherence and quality of life in patients with epilepsy.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2025Article
- More US Pharmacies Closed Than Opened In 2018-21; Independent Pharmacies, Those In Black, Latinx Communities Most At Risk.Health affairs (Project Hope) · 2024Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
importanceDespite their increasingly important role in health care delivery, little is known about the availability, and characteristics, of community pharmacies in the United States.
objectives(1) To examine trends in the availability of community pharmacies and pharmacy characteristics (24-hour, drive-up, home delivery, e-prescribing, and multilingual staffing) associated with access to prescription medications in the U.S. between 2007 and 2015; and (2) to determine whether and how these patterns varied by pharmacy type (retail chains, independents, mass retailers, food stores, government and clinic-based) and across counties.
methodsRetrospective analysis using annual data from the National Council for Prescription Drug Programs. Pharmacy locations were mapped and linked to the several publically-available data to derive information on county-level population demographics, including annual estimates of total population, percent of population that is non-English speaking, percent with an ambulatory disability and percent aged ≥65 years. The key outcomes were availability of pharmacies (total number and per-capita) and pharmacy characteristics overall, by pharmacy type, and across counties.
resultsThe number of community pharmacies increased by 6.3% from 63,752 (2007) to 67,753 (2015). Retail chain and independent pharmacies persistently accounted for 40% and 35% of all pharmacies, respectively, while the remainder were comprised of mass retailer (12%), food store, (10%), clinic-based (3%) or government (<1%) pharmacies. With the exception of e-prescribing, there was no substantial change in pharmacy characteristics over time. While the number of pharmacies per 10,000 people (2.11) did not change between 2007 and 2015 at the national-level, it varied substantially across counties ranging from 0 to 13.6 per-capita in 2015. We also found that the majority of pharmacies do not offer accommodations that facilitate access to prescription medications, including home-delivery, with considerable variation by pharmacy type and across counties. For example, the provision of home-delivery services ranged from less than <1% of mass retailers to 67% of independent stores and was not associated with county demographics, including ambulatory disability population and percent of the population aged ≥65 years.
conclusionsDespite modest growth of pharmacies in the U.S., the availability of pharmacies, and pharmacy characteristics associated with access to prescription medications, vary substantially across local areas. Policy efforts aimed at improving access to prescription medications should ensure the availability of pharmacies and their accommodations align with local population needs.
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