ArticleScientific reports2017
An amphibian chemical defense phenotype is inducible across life history stages.
Article in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genetic Architecture, Spatial Heterogeneity, and the Arms Race between Newts and Snakes: Exploring Coevolution with Simulations.The American naturalist · 2025Article
- Acorn ant exhibits age-dependent induced defence in response to parasitic raids.Biology letters · 2024Article
- The adaptive microbiome hypothesis and immune interactions in amphibian mucus.Developmental and comparative immunology · 2023Review
- Histological Study of Glandular Variability in the Skin of the Natterjack Toad-Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- A review of chemical defense in harlequin toads (Bufonidae:Toxicon: X · 2022Review
- Chemical defense of toad tadpoles under risk by four predator species.Ecology and evolution · 2019Article
- Changes in Toxin Quantities Following Experimental Manipulation of Toxin Reserves in Bufo bufo Tadpoles.Journal of chemical ecology · 2019Article
- Toads phenotypically adjust their chemical defences to anthropogenic habitat change.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Parallel lives of symbionts and hosts: chemical mutualism in marine animals.Natural product reports · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inducible phenotypic responses to environmental variation are ubiquitous across the tree of life, but it remains an open question whether amphibian chemical defense phenotypes are inducible. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a key chemical defense trait in North American and Eurasian newts (Salamandridae). We tested if TTX can be induced by exposing populations of adult and larval California newts (Taricha torosa) to sustained stressful conditions while longitudinally quantifying TTX concentrations. Adult newts rapidly increased chemical defenses in response to simulated predator attacks and consistently maintained elevated TTX concentrations relative to wild, non-captive individuals. We also found that laboratory-reared larvae maintained chemical defenses nearly three-fold greater than those of siblings reared in streams. Collectively, our results indicate that amphibian chemical defenses are not fixed. Instead, toxins are maintained at a baseline concentration that can quickly be increased in response to perceived risk with substantial increases to toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial that inducible variation be accounted for when considering ecological dynamics of chemically defended animals and coevolutionary predator-prey and mimic-model relationships.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.