ArticlePediatrics2017
Trends in Antibiotic Use by Birth Season and Birth Year.
Article in Pediatrics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The impact of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination on antibiotic use: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of vaccination on the use of antimicrobial agents: a systematic literature review.Annals of medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Nirsevimab on Antibiotic Use in Children Using Target Trial Emulation.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- Association of Early-Life Exposures With Later Diagnosis of Spondyloarthritis: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.The Journal of rheumatology · 2026Article
- Temporal trends in vaccination and antibiotic use among young children in the United States, 2000-2019.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial exposure during infancy in a longitudinal California cohort.Pediatric research · 2024Article
- The impact of maternal pertussis vaccination recommendation on infant pertussis incidence and mortality in the USA: an interrupted time series analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Comparative Analysis of Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing in Early Life: A Population-Based Study Across Birth Cohorts in Denmark and Germany.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2024Article
- Antimicrobials use and infection hospital contacts as proxies of infection exposure at ages 0-2 years and risk of infectious mononucleosis.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Antibiotic Therapy and Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A National Case-Control Study.Clinical and translational gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Did the 2015 USPSTF Abnormal Blood Glucose Recommendations Change Clinician Attitudes or Behaviors? A Mixed-Method Assessment.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Article
- Trend in antibiotic prescription to children aged 0-6 years old in the capital region of Denmark between 2009 and 2018: Differences between municipalities and association with socioeconomic composition.The European journal of general practice · 2021Article
- Lifetime antimicrobial use is associated with weight status in early adolescence-A register-based cohort study.Pediatric obesity · 2021Article
- Article
- Prescription of Antibacterial Drugs for HIV-Exposed, Uninfected Infants, Malawi, 2004-2010.Emerging infectious diseases · 2019Article
- The reporting of studies conducted using observational routinely collected health data statement for pharmacoepidemiology (RECORD-PE).BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2018Article
- The impact of modifiable risk factor reduction on childhood asthma development.Clinical and translational medicine · 2018Review
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe examined 2 birth cohort effects on antibiotic prescribing during the first year of life (henceforth, infancy) in Denmark: (1) the birth season effect on timing and overall occurrence of antibiotic prescribing, and (2) the birth year effect amid emerging nationwide pneumococcal vaccination programs and changing prescribing guidelines.
methodsWe linked data for all live births in Denmark from 2004 to 2012 (
resultsThe 1-year risk of having at least 1 redeemed antibiotic prescription during infancy was 39.5% (99% confidence interval [CI]: 39.3% to 39.6%). The hazard of a first prescription increased with age throughout infancy and varied by season; subsequently, Kaplan-Meier-derived risk functions varied by birth season cohort. After rollout of a first vaccination program and new antibiotic prescribing guidelines, 1-year risk decreased by 4.4% over 14 months (99% CI: 3.4% to 5.5%); it decreased again after rollout of a second vaccination program by 6.9% over 3 years (99% CI: 4.4% to 9.3%).
conclusionsIn Denmark, birth season and birth year cohort effects influenced timing and risk of antibiotic prescribing during infancy. Future studies of antibiotic stewardship, effectiveness, and safety in children should consider these cohort effects, which may render some children inherently more susceptible than others to downstream antibiotic effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.